The classical orders발음듣기
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The classical orders
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Architecture's language, and you know when you learn a new vocabulary word, you start to notice it for the first time everywhere?발음듣기
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And it's especially true of the classical orders, because these are, what are essentially the building blocks of western architecture, and they've been used for 2500 years.발음듣기
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We're basically talking about styles of architecture that that the ancient Greeks have developed mostly for their temples.발음듣기
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But what's important to remember is that it's just a fancy dressing, really, of a basic, ancient building system.발음듣기
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So we've brought in Stonehenge to illustrate that ancient building system called Post and Lintel architecture.발음듣기
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And you know what? We still use this basic system when we nail two by fours [2x4s] together.발음듣기
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And that's what the Greeks were doing, but they were doing it in a much more sophisticated way.발음듣기
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Right, they developed decorative systems, and that's what we're referring to when we use the term "Classical Orders".발음듣기
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There's a couple extra, but we're not going to go into those today, but we've listed them here for you, just so you know what they are, at the Tuscan and the Composite.발음듣기
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And the Doric is really the most simple, the Ionic a little bit more complicated, and then the Corinthian completely out of control.발음듣기
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And we're looking at an actual Greek temple, that happens to be in Italy, but nevertheless is just a great example of the Doric in the Classical Era.발음듣기
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The pediment isn't officially part of the order, but since Greek temples had it in one end or the other, a pediment, we just thought we would name that for you, and that's that triangular space at the very top of the temple Right, these are gabled roofs.발음듣기
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The next area below the pediment is, actually, officially part of the order, and that's called the entablature.발음듣기
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Right, and in the Doric order it is decorated in a very specific way, using triglyphs and metopes.발음듣기
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Now, actually, if you look at the word "Triglyph", you notice that the prefix is "tri", just like "tricycle", it means "three", and the suffix, "glyph", means mark, so a "triglyph" literally means "three marks".발음듣기
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We think that they probably came from a time when temples were built out of wood, and these would have been the ends of planks, that would have functioned as beams in the temple.발음듣기
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So the Doric is the oldest, most severe, and was associated, according to the ancient Roman architectural historian, Vitruvius, with masculine form.발음듣기
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As we continue to move down, we come to the area that we commonly call the column, but art historians call the shaft.발음듣기
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And if you look closely, you can see that it's not entirely plain, there are actually vertical lines that move across the entire surface, known as flutes.발음듣기
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Now in the Doric a flute is very shallow, and really, what it is is a kind of scallop that's been carved out of the surface.발음듣기
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Now one of the other defining features of the Doric order is that at the bottom of the shaft there is no decorative foot.발음듣기
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And you can see that really well in the detail on the lower right, where there's no molding there to make a transition.발음듣기
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Capitals are up high, so we would never see a person next to them, but I think it's easy to not realise just how big they are.발음듣기
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But I snapped this terrific picture of you at the British Museum next to a capital, that actually comes from the most famous Doric temple, on the Acropolis of Athens.발음듣기
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And this photo is good also for seeing, in this case a reconstruction, but giving you a sense of the entablature, with that frieze, with triglyphs and metopes.발음듣기
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And we've got an example, on the right, of a relief sculpture that was for one of the metopes of the Parthenon.발음듣기
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Let's talk about one last element that we find in Doric architecture, and that's something called entasis.발음듣기
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Now, this is a little tricky, because I think most people assume that a column is straight up and down, that is, the sides of a column are parallel with each other, and the base of the column is just as wide as the area directly below the capital.발음듣기
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No, it's fascinating to think about all the ways that the ancient are thinking about how to make their buildings beautiful and speak of the realm of the gods.발음듣기
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And so when we look at an ancient Doric temple, we see that the shafts swell a little bit toward the centre.발음듣기
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So right about a third of the way down they would be at their widest, and it would taper ever so slightly towards the bottom, and taper much more so as we move up to the top.발음듣기
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So that the narrowest point of the column shaft would be right at the top, and the widest part would be about a third of the way from the base.발음듣기
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And so the building has a sense of liveliness, that I think it wouldn't have if the column was exactly the same width at the top as at the bottom.발음듣기
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Architectural historians have debated why the Greeks bothered to do this, because this was expensive, this was difficult, it meant that every drum that makes up this column, had to be an individual, unique piece.발음듣기
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And if you look very carefully at this photograph, you can just make out the scenes between those drums.발음듣기
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There would also have generally been a hole that would have gone through the centre of each of these pieces, so that a piece of wood sometimes would actually string them together almost like beads on a necklace.발음듣기
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One of the other things that entasis does is to emphasise the verticality of the temple, because they get narrower as they go further up.발음듣기
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It seems as if the shaft of the column might actually be taller than it really is, because, of course, as things move away from us they get smaller in scale.발음듣기
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They're thinking about how we see, not just an abstract idea of math and geometry, but actually human experience, which says something about ancient Greek culture. One last detail.발음듣기
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The entasis gives the shaft of the column a sense of almost elasticity, that it is burying the weight of the stone above it.발음듣기
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It's really fascinating to think about all of these decisions that the Greeks are making as they build.발음듣기
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There is not that sense of mass, that sense of the muscularity of the buildings that we associate with the Doric.발음듣기
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And in fact Vitruvius, the ancient Roman architectural historian, saw this as a more feminine order.발음듣기
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It's taller, it's thinner... Now one of the columns from this building in Greece is in the Museum in Lonodon. We have some good photographs of it And you can see the distinguishing really is at the top, at the capital, where we see these scroll-like shapes, also known as volutes.발음듣기
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This looks really different, and is the most decorative, and the distinguishing feature here is, again, the capital, where we see leaf-like shapes.발음듣기
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They also have bases, they tent to be taller than the Doric, just like the Ionic, but they are highly decorative.발음듣기
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It's a kind of fun story, of course we have no idea whether this is true, but the story is that there was a young girl who died, and her possessions were placed in a basket and put on top of her grave.발음듣기
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Underneath that basket was an acanthus plant that began to grow, and because the heavy basket with the tile on top was on top, the acanthus leaves grew out to the side.발음듣기
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Well, if we look at the Corinthian column, it really does look like that. It looks exactly like that.발음듣기
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Right. But also these very complex leaf-like forms, which you can just make out here, which is actually from the acanthus leaf.발음듣기
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What's important to remember, is that the ancient Greeks, although they developed these three classical orders, were just the genesis, the Romans took these ideas over, and then subsequently, people who've looked back to the classical tradition have borrowed from them yet again.발음듣기
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