Introduction to the Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther (part 2)발음듣기
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Introduction to the Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther (part 2)
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[music] So in the first video, we established that Martin Luther, this professor of theology in Wittenberg, this Augustinian monk, had posted his "Ninety-Five Theses" on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg - at least, this is how the tradition tells the story - that took issue with the way in which the Catholic Church thought about salvation.발음듣기
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Luther was arguing against the sale of indulgences, and that kind of monetary transaction for getting into heaven.발음듣기
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Tetzel, who was selling indulgences, we quoted in the first video; but here's another quote:"Won't you part with even a farthing to buy this letter?발음듣기
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It won't bring you money, but rather a divine and immortal soul, whole and secure in the Kingdom of Heaven."발음듣기
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We have to understand that this exists within this larger scheme, and the Church thought that the ultimate aim was a good one.발음듣기
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So Luther, in one section of the "Ninety-Five Theses," says, you know, people are gonna ask questions that we can't really answer about what we're doing with these indulgences: such as, "Why does not the Pope empty Purgatory for the sake of holy love, and the dire need of the souls that are there, if he redeems an infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable money with which to buy a church?발음듣기
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So what he's saying is, if the Pope has the authority, the treasury of merit of all of the saints that he can distribute, why is he selling them to build a church?발음듣기
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Why doesn't he just redeem the souls that are in Purgatory and send them up to Heaven, if he has the power to do that?발음듣기
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And there was a perception that the Church at times was a rather corrupt institution, that seemed to be more concerned with power and political issues and worldly issues, and not so concerned with the salvation of souls.발음듣기
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Right. This is a hard thing for us to realize, I think; but at this time, the popes claimed not only spiritual power, like they do today, but also political power, and governed these very significant lands known as the Papal States.발음듣기
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Right, Pope Julius II led armies into battles against other Christians, to reclaim territories that were historically part of the Papal States.발음듣기
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So this notion of a kind of corruption in Rome is infusing this entire discussion, this entire argument.발음듣기
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So in the 1300's, this Englishman had set about to translate the Bible into the vernacular, into the common language - into English.발음듣기
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He organized the translation of the Bible into English; he translated much of it himself - Especially much of the New Testament.발음듣기
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It was important to him that the Bible be available to people in their common language, that people could read it.발음듣기
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This is important for us because this idea of enabling the reading of the Bible was critical for Luther. And we'll get to that.발음듣기
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Okay. So let's just step back for a moment, and just remember that in Western Europe at this time, the vast majority of the population was illiterate.발음듣기
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But those that could read would be reading in the vernacular, not Latin. And by vernacular, I mean their common languages, whether it was English, or German, or French, or Italian, it wasn't Latin.발음듣기
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Well, it meant that you heard the Word of God through the priest, you weren't able to read it yourself.발음듣기
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Now, those "Ninety-Five Theses" were posted in Latin, but people translated it without his authorization into German, and then used the new technology of the printing press and distributed it widely.발음듣기
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The printing press had been invented in the mid-fifteenth century, an incredibly important invention for the spread of Protestant ideas.발음듣기
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Instead of the distribution network of the Church, you have people acting on their own outside of that structure, in their own language.발음듣기
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So Luther posts the "Ninety-Five Theses" in 1517, word gets to the Pope, he's accused of heresy; but he's gaining support, widely.발음듣기
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Nobody's eating worms. [laughs] But a "diet" is a gathering, a council; and Worms, or "verms," is a city in Germany.발음듣기
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So, the new Holy Roman Emperor, who's, by the way, only a teenager at this time, has summoned Luther.발음듣기
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He's given him an authorization of safe passage: that is, he won't be arrested on his way; and he is to testify at this council.발음듣기
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Luther says "Yes I did." and then he's asked, "Do you stand by the ideas in these books?" and Luther says, "Give me a day to think about that," and that request is granted.발음듣기
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He comes back the next day, and by all accounts gives an eloquent defense of the ideas in the books, and does not renounce any of the ideas.발음듣기
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And Luther leaves Worms, he's declared an unrepentant heretic. it's clear he's going to be arrested; possession of his writings is forbidden, and he leaves the city of Worms.발음듣기
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Remember, he's been granted safe passage, so he's allowed to leave Worms. Now, here's the crucial moment.발음듣기
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Will he end up like Hus - that is, burned at the stake, arrested, will that be the end of his efforts?발음듣기
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Or will something else happen? Well, something else does happen, and that's because of political issues.발음듣기
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The new Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire had gotten that job because of the vote of men in Germany, princes, who are called electors.발음듣기
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And one of those electors, the Elector of Saxony, secretly kidnaps Luther as he leaves the city of Worms, and hides him away in a castle, where, by the way, Luther immediately gets down to work writing, and translating the New Testament.발음듣기
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And by the time Luther emerges, and returns to public life, the Holy Roman Emperor is involved in other issues, and doesn't pursue his arrest.발음듣기
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So, Luther is able to do something that Hus, that Wycliffe was not able to do, which is to continue his campaign.발음듣기
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In a way, the whole Reformation happens because of issues like this, that local rulers, whether they're monarchs, or princes, are tired of ceding so much authority and political power to the pope, and use the opportunity of the Reformation to wrest back some control of their own lands, of their own people.발음듣기
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If you think about the power structure in Europe at this time, especially in what will become Germany, you have the local princes, you have the authority of the Pope in Rome on the other side of the Alps, but you also have the Holy Roman Emperor, so it was very complicated; and everybody was trying to enlarge their own stake.발음듣기
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Luther was going against one of the central doctrines of the Church, and that was that you were justified - that is, that you got to Heaven - in two ways, according to the Church.발음듣기
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The other, through things that you could do yourself, choices that you could make as a human being, through what the Church called "good works."발음듣기
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Or helping the poor, or any of the things that we think, in the modern world, of charitable work.발음듣기
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Exactly. And Luther was deeply disturbed by this idea, because in his own conscience, he felt so sinful, that nothing he felt that he could do could help him get to Heaven.발음듣기
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There was not enough good works to do in the world to remove the sin that he felt that he lived with, and that all human beings lived with.발음듣기
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If you think about the medieval mind, tallying up the sins they've committed, and sometimes sins can just be like jealousy, or envy, and tallying those against the good works that they've done, you can imagine this constant tallying that must have gone on in the medieval conscience.발음듣기
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Luther read St. Paul, who said, "For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ, for it is the power of God to salvation for everyone who believes. . . . For in it the righteousness of God is revealed from faith to faith; as it is written, 'The just shall live by faith.'"발음듣기
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That meant, to Luther, that one is justified - one gets to heaven - through faith alone, not through good works.발음듣기
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Salvation was something freely granted by God, and not something that had to be earned by human beings.발음듣기
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So faith was a kind of gift that God gave you, and that faith was all you needed to get to heaven.발음듣기
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So, all of this makes sense in relationship to the "Ninety-Five Theses," and to Luther's concern about indulgences, because the indulgence is this proposition that good works will hurry the soul to heaven, and that's precisely what Luther is taking issue with.발음듣기
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And with really, the whole authority of the Church to forgive, to remit sin and to allow a person into Heaven. Luther's feeling was that the only power to do that was with God.발음듣기
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