Introduction to the Protestant Reformation: Setting the stage (part 1)

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Introduction to the Protestant Reformation: Setting the stage (part 1)발음듣기

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so this is the first video in a short series introducing some of the major ideas of the protestant reformation.발음듣기

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And in this video we just want to lay the groundwork what was it like to live in europe before the protestant reformation.발음듣기

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That is before fifteen seventeen when martin luther a german monk and professor of theology nailed his ninety-five theses to the door of the catholic church in Wittenberg and we'll get back to that I was driving around my neighborhood about a week ago and I took photographs of some of the churches that were there and within only fifteen or twenty minutes.발음듣기

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I had photographed the signs in front of six different kinds of churches and this is a really good place to start because it's at the time of reformation that we get this explosion of different kinds of christianity so tell us what you took pictures of.발음듣기

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I took pictures of a lutheran church of the baptist church of the united methodist church there was a catholic church there there was a congregational church there's a presbyterian church and so five of those six churches were created as a result of the protestant reformation.발음듣기

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So let's go back to a time when it was only one kind of christianity in western europe and that's religion we today call roman catholicism no we didn't need to use that phrase roman catholicism because there was nothing to differentiate it from the term catholic really means universal.발음듣기

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And so that makes the point that this was the universal church or that was their ambition to be the universal church and we use the term roman catholic because the head of the church is in Rome and that's the pope.발음듣기

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That man was enormously important because he would lead the way to salvation and to heaven according to the catholic tradition that is one found one's way to salvation which was tremendously important because the alternative was hell and it's important to remember.발음듣기

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I think that back then the concern for most people was salvation was how to get to heaven and the path was one path.발음듣기

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It was through the teachings of the church through the sacraments In a way it was a simpler time to live because you get one choice you don't have to say what religion should I be except for those very few people in Europe, for instance, very few jews and even if you are Muslims.발음듣기

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So the church really infused everybody's life it was the vehicle to salvation and just for the average person in a small town the church's would tower over the other buildings.발음듣기

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The bells in the tower would ring on the hour.발음듣기

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The church would celebrate the saint's feast days what we call holidays that is holy days and it was in a sense the church that marked the days of your life and the major events in your life as well and through the sacraments you helped to earn God's grace.발음듣기

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You have to secure yourself a place in heaven and the sacraments included baptism, confirmation, communion, which you might know as the Eucharist penance, also known as confession, marriage, last rites, and ordination for priests.발음듣기

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So it's good reminder of how important the church was in the lives of every day people and those everyday people although they might look to their local priest would look to the pope in rome as the ultimate authority on earth and the pope at this point in fifteen seventeen was Pope Leo X (the tenth)발음듣기

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So Pope Leo X (the tenth) was intent on rebuilding the church of Saint Peter's and the plans for Saint Peter's were very ambitious.발음듣기

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In fact, Pope Julius II who commissioned the rebuilding of Saint Peter's (the pope before Pope Leo X) said he wanted to create the most grandiose church in all of christendom and they did the church itself.발음듣기

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Saint Peter's Basilica was tremendously important to the authority of the pope by tradition Saint Peter is buried under that church and Saint Peter was charged by Christ himself to lead the church so Saint Peter is understood to be the first pope and so every succeeding pope is taking on the job of Saint Peter from Christ himself and so the very authority of this office is vested in this building.발음듣기

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The problem is the building was really expensive to construct and the question was where were they going to get the money.발음듣기

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Well there was a pretty common way to get money and that was selling indulgences.발음듣기

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Now an indulgence was a piece of paperwork that made it possible for you to get to Heaven more quickly.발음듣기

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Most people when they died you had throughout your life confessed your sins you had atoned for your sins but it would probably be something that you hadn't quite atoned for and so for most people you wouldn't go straight to Heaven you would go instead to this place in the betveen the way station before you get to Heaven a place called purgatory and it was indulgences that bought you time off from purgatory.발음듣기

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So this is a little tricky because indulgences were actually a very old tradition where if you did a good work you could, in fact, receive an indulgence that is a kind of certificate that would speed your soul out of purgatory to Heaven.발음듣기

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Even in certain extraordinary cases it might allow you to circumvent purgatory entirely and go directly to Heaven.발음듣기

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The problems began not so much in the actual indulgences but in the perception of the selling of indulgences and here's what happened.발음듣기

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Leo X granted indulgences to his representatives to raise money for the building of Saint Peter's.발음듣기

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But this was misunderstood to mean that one could simply pay money and then gain access to heaven directly.발음듣기

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But keep in mind that money was for the rebuilding of...발음듣기

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Saint Peter's and so you were doing a good work and according to the catholic church doing a good work is one of the ways you can assist in the process of gaining yourself a place in heaven.발음듣기

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And it does make sense that even a monetary donation to doing good christian work would be itself a kind of holy act.발음듣기

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But it did come to be seen as a money exchange for getting to Heaven.발음듣기

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And the one example that really got under Martin Luther's cross, so to speak, was a man named Tetzel who was selling indulgences not far from Wittenberg where Luther was Professor of Theology.발음듣기

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Tetzel said, "as soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."발음듣기

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So you can see right there money is going in and the soul is going up to Heaven.발음듣기

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It sounds so crass and you're absolutely right Martin Luther who was a monk and was a very devout professor of theology was really rubbed the wrong way by people saying they had bought these indulgences and therefore they were freed of their sins.발음듣기

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And as a monk, Luther felt oppressed by the sinfulness of human nature of his own nature and so the idea that you can pay money to erase those sins and get quicker entry to Heaven was really an issue for him he took these issues very seriously and really struggled with them and then he did what any good doctor of theology would do.발음듣기

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He wrote out a series of arguments.발음듣기

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But in his case he posted them at least according to tradition to the doors of the castle church in wittenberg ninety-five theses ninety-five arguments that took issue primarily with the selling of indulgences Luther sent them to the local archbishop and they made their way around and so we have the beginnings of the protestant reformation in fact if you think about those words protestant reformation.발음듣기

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For just a moment i think it's interesting to note that the word protestant is formed out of the word protest and reformation out of the word reform so this was a kind of protest against the church and it was an attempt to reform it.발음듣기

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