Battles of Verdun, Somme and the Hindenburg Line발음듣기
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Battles of Verdun, Somme and the Hindenburg Line
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At a very high level, the period between 1915 and 1918 on the western front is usually considered to be a stalemate because you did not have a major movement on the front.발음듣기
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There were -some- movements but the front pretty much looked the way it looks in this diagram over here.발음듣기
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That's not to say that it was not incredibly bloody; in fact it was so bloody that some of the most famous battles not just in World War I history but in -world- history occurred during this period.발음듣기
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Most historians believe it was not intended not necessarily to gain this territory, but to try to make the French put so many troops here; and they planned to inflict so many casualties on the French that they might not be able to overcome that and that might throw the French out of the war.발음듣기
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They especially thought this part of the front was vulnerable because the French could be attacked from multiple sides at this little bulge over here.발음듣기
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The French keep bringing troops into the mix and to get a sense of how ugly and how scary this whole scene was, this is a quote from the journal of a French soldier who's serving in the battle of Verdun.발음듣기
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But as you get to the late summer, in July of 1916, the British and the French decide to do an offensive on another part of the front, near the Somme river.발음듣기
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And so you have - This over here [Verdun] is a German offensive and in July you have the battle of the Somme; sometimes referred to as the Somme Offensive.발음듣기
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And this was a British and French Anglo-French - offensive And it's also famous - Both of these were incredibly bloody, that's what really made them noteworthy.발음듣기
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It was lucky for the French at Verdun that the offensive at the Somme happened because this forced the Germans to go off of the offensive as we get into the late summer of 1916.발음듣기
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In fact, by the end of 1916, because the Germans had to go fight at the battle of the Somme, the French were able to recapture much of this territory.발음듣기
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So the real end result of both of these offensives one on the German side and one on the British side - was just a massive, massive, massive loss of human life.발음듣기
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Each of them it's estimated had on the order of a million casualties, roughly half on each side.발음듣기
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At Verdun it was slightly more on the French side than the German but it was roughly 55/45%.발음듣기
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I've seen estimates on the death toll being 1/3 of a million, 1/2 of a million for each of these battles.발음듣기
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The end result for the Germans though was even more interesting because you have to remember what was happening at the Eastern Front.발음듣기
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On the eastern front 1916 was the year that the Russians finally were building up their war machine; they were finally able to equip the munitions necessary.발음듣기
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It was also the year that the Romanians joined on the side of the Entente along with the Russians on the eastern front.발음듣기
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The Austro-Hungarian were suffering huge losses So in 1916 the Germans were a very tough situation: huge losses at Verdun, huge losses at the battle of the Somme, the Russians are starting to get more aggressive on the eastern front, the Austro-Hungarian are starting to have trouble, so they decide to essentially re-trench.발음듣기
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They're going to start bringing more troops back to the eastern front but in order to not lose too much ground at the western front they try to hold a smaller front.발음듣기
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So they back up to this line; they start preparing - This is the line at the end of the battle of the Somme.발음듣기
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The Germans recognize that they can't protect this entire front; they want to protect a shorter front so they began preparing to move back over here and this line is named after the field marshal of the German army it's called the Hindenburg line.발음듣기
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Hindenburg. It's no coincidence it's the same name of the Zeppelin that blew up in the late 30's; it was actually named after field marshal Hindenburg for whom this line is named. - The Germans do this so they can take more troops to the eastern front and hold a shorter line; so by the end of 1916 they start making preparations for the Hindenburg line and in February of 1917 they actually move there.발음듣기
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