Blockades, u-boats and sinking of the Lusitania발음듣기
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Blockades, u-boats and sinking of the Lusitania
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You might remember from previous videos Britain declared war on Germany because of their invasion into Belgium in early august of 1914.발음듣기
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And it was in november of 1914 that the British declare the entire north sea area a war zone. which essentially is telling any ship:'come here at your own risk.'you might be destroyed.'발음듣기
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And especially 'you are not allowed...to carry any contraband.' But they included food as a contraband.발음듣기
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Continued throughout the entire war, it essentially caused the Central Powers but especially the Germans and the Austrians to have to ration food.발음듣기
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We are talking about 1,000 calories a day; you can look at the number of calories in your Big Mac and think about how little food that was.발음듣기
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It obviously made it very hard for the Central Powers to get munitions and things like that but it also made it very difficult for them to get food.발음듣기
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And there are estimates that this rationing, this inability to get food, led to malnutrition, even led to starvation and there's estimates that this might have led to in excess of 400,000 civilian deaths either directly or indirectly due to malnutrition or starvation amongst the Central Powers.발음듣기
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Most of their navy was actually focussed right off the coast of Germany, right around there in the North Sea, but they also wanted to disrupt trade with the British.발음듣기
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They recognized the British Isles were islands, they're dependent on trade for food and supplies.발음듣기
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So in 1915, in February, the Germans declared the seas around the British Isles this whole area - a war zone.발음듣기
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So [he reads as he writes] seas... around.. the British Isles... similarily they declared that... a war zone... as well.발음듣기
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And because their surface fleet was concentrated right over here, the way that they would enforce that, that they would try to keep people from trading with the British Isles is through submarine warfare.발음듣기
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We are talking about very primitive submarines, vessels that could go under water and send torpedoes into boats.발음듣기
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The germans said 'Look, this could be...fair game for us, especially if it's carrying...munitions, especially if it's a British ship'.발음듣기
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And in the advertisement that was in New York for the Lusitania, that was going to leave on May 1st, 1915, the German embassy actually placed an advertisement and this is worth reading - they wrote: "NOTICE!"...발음듣기
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On May 7, 1915 it's almost reached its destination of Liverpool that's Liverpool right over here - it's around 10 or 15 miles off the coast of Ireland and right there, it encounters a German U-boat.발음듣기
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The torpedo rams into the ship and then shortly after the torpedo hits you have this huge explosion.발음듣기
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There are other ships that went down due to Germen U-boats, but what was famous about this one at least from an American History point of view - is that there were 128 Americans who also died on board.발음듣기
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Why did this happen? These were American civilians and it essentially led to a a harsh reprimand from Woodrow Wilson.발음듣기
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Just as a little bit of context: once war broke out, and war had broken out not even a year before the sinking of the Lusitania - the American's position was to be neutral.발음듣기
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With that said, the Americans were disproportionally trading with the Allies (not the Central Power).발음듣기
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They were providing supplies and they were providing monetary support, they were providing loans to the Allies disproportional to the Central Powers.발음듣기
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So even though there was this strong... no, formal neutrality there was a more implicit connection to the Allies.발음듣기
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It says: "you must apologize, ...you must take action to prevent...this type of thing happening in the future."발음듣기
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[he reads as he writes] And then in September the Germans agree to not attack passenger ships.발음듣기
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And so, even though the sinking of the Lusitania especially in American History classes is often given as a trigger for America's entrance into war, America stayed neutral throughout this entire period.발음듣기
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So the Lusitania was just one of many things that happened in the years running up to the war.발음듣기
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If we fast-forward a bit: in the 1916 presidential election where Wilson won re-election he ran on a platform of he kept us out of war.발음듣기
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One could argue because the Germans did not want the US to enter on the side of the Allies it was why the Germans agreed to loosen up - at least for couple of years - on their U-boat campaigns.발음듣기
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As we will see, once we get to 1917, the Germans out of desperation start to become more aggressive on their U-boat attacks again, which -is- one of the catalyst that drive the US or that the US -claim- drove them into World War 1.발음듣기
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But with that said, just as a bit of context - oftentimes when we look at back history, it seems very cut-and-dried, it seems obvious: "oh yes you know...we had to go to war et cetera, et cetera.발음듣기
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I have a few quotes here from William Jennings Bryan who was Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State.발음듣기
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This is before any of the stuff happened with Lusitania, but war had broken out in Europe and he had this message that he wrote to Woodrow Wilson to advocate why we should stay out of the war and why there should be some type of mediation to try to end the war as opposed to just letting it run its course.발음듣기
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He wrote to Wilson:"It is not likely that either side will win...so complete a victory...as to be able to dictate terms, ...and if either side does win...(and this is strangely foreshadowing) "...such a victory, it will probably mean...preparation for another war....it would seem better to look for ...a more rational basis for peace.발음듣기
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William Jennings Bryan wrote:"Ships carrying contraband...should be prohibited from carrying passengers...it would be like putting women and children in front of an army.발음듣기
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This is one of those Big Questions Of History: it was know that the Lusitania was carrying light ammunition.발음듣기
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A lot of the cargo that the Lusitania was carrying even though they claim it was perishable goods it was not being stored in a refrigerated part of the ship.발음듣기
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Even after World War 1 the British navy actually spent multiple times trying to destroy the wreck of the Lusitania some people say in order to maybe get rid of some evidence that it was actually carrying far more munitions and maybe was from the German's point-of-view a fairer target than was actually made out.발음듣기
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So regardless, it's a very interesting incident Not necessarily directly tied to America's entrance into World War 1, but it is one of many events and this whole idea of blockades and German U-boats against civilians this was something that was a cause of repeated concern for the Americans.발음듣기
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