Schlieffen Plan and the First Battle of the Marne발음듣기
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Schlieffen Plan and the First Battle of the Marne
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출처 : 칸아카데미
Schlieffen Plan and the First Battle of the Marne
Ever since the franco-prusian war in 1870 to 1871 the Germans recognized that they were likely to face another war with france.
That was a war that allowed Germany to unify the humiliated France, they were able to capture some very valuable territory from France, in particular Alsace-Lorraine, which is very mineral rich, and so the Germans were plotting to uh... what are we going to do if we're going to get into another war with them.
At the same time, once France and Russia had this alliance, Germany fully recognized that if there is a war with France, it's likely to not be just with France, it's likely to be a two-front war on the western front... they will be in conflict with France, and on the eastern front they will be they'll be in conflict with Russia.
And so to deal with this eventuality, this is all the scheming that Germany did in the decades going up to Wold War One.
They came up with the Schlieffen plan, and I'm sure I'm mispronouncing it...
Schleiff.. Schliff... ..Schlieffen plan, named for Alfred von Schlieffen, he was chief of the German Empire's general staff from 1891 to 1905.
And it was based on how do you deal with the two-front war, and the general ideas here were that Russia...
Russia had a large and almost inexhaustible army but because it was so large it would take a long time for to mobilize... long time... ...to mobilize.
And the Germans were actually able to approximate it correctly 'cause this is how long it did take the Russians to mobilize at the beginning of the World War One, they estimated that it would take them about six weeks.
So the Schlieffen plan called for enough german troops on the eastern front initially in order to keep the Russians at bay, but then the main fighting force of the germans, while the Russians are mobilizing, is to go after France and try to essentially knock France out of commission so that they're not facing a two-front war anymore and that have those troops go back to fight against the Russians.
And the way that they wanted to do it is by rolling through Belgium in a kind of a wheel-like pattern like this, and the reason why they want to do this wheel-like pattern is that they correctly predicted that the French were very eager to get this territory right over here and the French actually had a plan - they called it "Plan 17" - for going after Alsace-Lorraine.
It was an offensive plan and the view is that the French army is going in that direction, if the german army rolls through Belgium and is able to get them from the rear they could put the french army out of commission.
So in early august 1914, the Germans was to declare war on France and on Russia.
The germans tried to put the Schlieffen plan into action and they frankly almost succeeded.
So through april... sorry, through august and early september the Germans were able to, essentially rolled through Belgium, were able to roll through Belgium, and keep the combined mainly french forces but there is also some assistance from British, to keep them on their heels.
And this happened all the way until early september when they get near the Marne or a little bit past the Marne river in France and it was here that the... the sixth french army so, and when we talk about armies we're talking about huge numbers of troops, the... the sixth french army had over two hundred thousand troops in it.
When we're talking about the battle of the Marne, which I'm about to talk to, we're talking about a... the first battle of the Marne,
we're talking about a battle that involves two million troops, so these are... these are battles that are occurring on an epic scale, just each of these armies, this army or... this one right..., or even the german armies,
we're talking about hundreds, tens to hundreds of thousands of troops, in general an army characterize, you're talking about over fifty thousand, sixty thousand troops.
So what happens as you go to early september, specially september fifth 1914, the sixth french army recognize... recognizes a mistake that the first german army made.
By trying to roll around like this they exposed their right flank, so right over here would be the right flank of the german army.
And just as... most mammals... our flanks are kind of our weak spot that area between your ribs and your hips, the same thing is true for armies.
The front of the army tends to be where you have the strongest forces and then you have your supply routes going back, so if you can outflank an army, that's what a lot of military strategy is designed around, you can hit an army in it's weaker point.
So by september fifth, the first german army recognizes, but it was too late, by september sixth they were at in battle they were uh... they were essentially being confronted by the sixth french army and by essentially turning to meet them, by turning to meet them, they created an opening between them and the second german army, and that opening was able to... the French and the British were able to take advantage of that to essentially put the Germans on their heels after a month of advancing, and so right over here you have the various...
You have the various you have the various french armies and they were assisted by the british expeditionary.. the british expeditionary force.
And so from the battle of the Marne, which was essentially most... most historians would say between september sixth or september fifth september sixth and september twelve they were able to put the... the Germans on the retreat, the Germans retreated pass the Aisne river, and then once you get into november and the end of year of 1914, at essentially... the Germans essentially entrenched themselves and literally they were building deep trenches in...
...in northern France, and a little bit of western Belgium, and what i have right over here let me see if I can draw - what i have right over here what the boundaries were eventually happened after the german suffered essentially their first big defeat, they had to ... they had to retreat, and they had to literally retrench, and this is what the borders would then be like, and they were and...
And these were literally trenches getting dug here, and these borders are...
You know this first stage of the war was hugely dynamic, you had armies moving fairly rapidly over a period of weeks and months, but then once the Germans retrenched, you have a roughly this position being static for the next three years in the famous trench warfare of the western front that you might have seen movies on.
And I want to emphasize this was a big deal, the first battle of the Marne sometimes is called the "miracle of the Marne".
If that... If the Allies at the french, with the british help, were not able to push the Germans back, they might have accomplished the Schlieffen plan and actually maybe they would have won WWI, or at least been able to win the western front fairly quickly and then been able to deal with the Russians a little bit better.
But because of the "miracle at the Marne" which was hugely bloody, were talking about 500.000 casualties on both sides, we're talking a hundred to two hundred thousand dead on both sides, but because of that, that was able to hold off the Germans, but it got the western front in this kind of ugly three year long trench warfare.
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Ever since the franco-prusian war in 1870 to 1871 the Germans recognized that they were likely to face another war with france.발음듣기
대기중
That was a war that allowed Germany to unify the humiliated France, they were able to capture some very valuable territory from France, in particular Alsace-Lorraine, which is very mineral rich, and so the Germans were plotting to uh... what are we going to do if we're going to get into another war with them.발음듣기
대기중
At the same time, once France and Russia had this alliance, Germany fully recognized that if there is a war with France, it's likely to not be just with France, it's likely to be a two-front war on the western front... they will be in conflict with France, and on the eastern front they will be they'll be in conflict with Russia.발음듣기
대기중
And so to deal with this eventuality, this is all the scheming that Germany did in the decades going up to Wold War One.발음듣기
대기중
Schleiff.. Schliff... ..Schlieffen plan, named for Alfred von Schlieffen, he was chief of the German Empire's general staff from 1891 to 1905.발음듣기
대기중
And it was based on how do you deal with the two-front war, and the general ideas here were that Russia...발음듣기
대기중
Russia had a large and almost inexhaustible army but because it was so large it would take a long time for to mobilize... long time... ...to mobilize.발음듣기
대기중
And the Germans were actually able to approximate it correctly 'cause this is how long it did take the Russians to mobilize at the beginning of the World War One, they estimated that it would take them about six weeks.발음듣기
대기중
So the Schlieffen plan called for enough german troops on the eastern front initially in order to keep the Russians at bay, but then the main fighting force of the germans, while the Russians are mobilizing, is to go after France and try to essentially knock France out of commission so that they're not facing a two-front war anymore and that have those troops go back to fight against the Russians.발음듣기
대기중
And the way that they wanted to do it is by rolling through Belgium in a kind of a wheel-like pattern like this, and the reason why they want to do this wheel-like pattern is that they correctly predicted that the French were very eager to get this territory right over here and the French actually had a plan - they called it "Plan 17" - for going after Alsace-Lorraine.발음듣기
대기중
It was an offensive plan and the view is that the French army is going in that direction, if the german army rolls through Belgium and is able to get them from the rear they could put the french army out of commission.발음듣기
대기중
So through april... sorry, through august and early september the Germans were able to, essentially rolled through Belgium, were able to roll through Belgium, and keep the combined mainly french forces but there is also some assistance from British, to keep them on their heels.발음듣기
대기중
And this happened all the way until early september when they get near the Marne or a little bit past the Marne river in France and it was here that the... the sixth french army so, and when we talk about armies we're talking about huge numbers of troops, the... the sixth french army had over two hundred thousand troops in it.발음듣기
대기중
When we're talking about the battle of the Marne, which I'm about to talk to, we're talking about a... the first battle of the Marne,발음듣기
대기중
we're talking about a battle that involves two million troops, so these are... these are battles that are occurring on an epic scale, just each of these armies, this army or... this one right..., or even the german armies,발음듣기
대기중
we're talking about hundreds, tens to hundreds of thousands of troops, in general an army characterize, you're talking about over fifty thousand, sixty thousand troops.발음듣기
대기중
So what happens as you go to early september, specially september fifth 1914, the sixth french army recognize... recognizes a mistake that the first german army made.발음듣기
대기중
By trying to roll around like this they exposed their right flank, so right over here would be the right flank of the german army.발음듣기
대기중
And just as... most mammals... our flanks are kind of our weak spot that area between your ribs and your hips, the same thing is true for armies.발음듣기
대기중
The front of the army tends to be where you have the strongest forces and then you have your supply routes going back, so if you can outflank an army, that's what a lot of military strategy is designed around, you can hit an army in it's weaker point.발음듣기
대기중
So by september fifth, the first german army recognizes, but it was too late, by september sixth they were at in battle they were uh... they were essentially being confronted by the sixth french army and by essentially turning to meet them, by turning to meet them, they created an opening between them and the second german army, and that opening was able to... the French and the British were able to take advantage of that to essentially put the Germans on their heels after a month of advancing, and so right over here you have the various...발음듣기
대기중
You have the various you have the various french armies and they were assisted by the british expeditionary.. the british expeditionary force.발음듣기
대기중
And so from the battle of the Marne, which was essentially most... most historians would say between september sixth or september fifth september sixth and september twelve they were able to put the... the Germans on the retreat, the Germans retreated pass the Aisne river, and then once you get into november and the end of year of 1914, at essentially... the Germans essentially entrenched themselves and literally they were building deep trenches in...발음듣기
대기중
...in northern France, and a little bit of western Belgium, and what i have right over here let me see if I can draw - what i have right over here what the boundaries were eventually happened after the german suffered essentially their first big defeat, they had to ... they had to retreat, and they had to literally retrench, and this is what the borders would then be like, and they were and...발음듣기
대기중
You know this first stage of the war was hugely dynamic, you had armies moving fairly rapidly over a period of weeks and months, but then once the Germans retrenched, you have a roughly this position being static for the next three years in the famous trench warfare of the western front that you might have seen movies on.발음듣기
대기중
And I want to emphasize this was a big deal, the first battle of the Marne sometimes is called the "miracle of the Marne".발음듣기
대기중
If that... If the Allies at the french, with the british help, were not able to push the Germans back, they might have accomplished the Schlieffen plan and actually maybe they would have won WWI, or at least been able to win the western front fairly quickly and then been able to deal with the Russians a little bit better.발음듣기
대기중
But because of the "miracle at the Marne" which was hugely bloody, were talking about 500.000 casualties on both sides, we're talking a hundred to two hundred thousand dead on both sides, but because of that, that was able to hold off the Germans, but it got the western front in this kind of ugly three year long trench warfare.발음듣기
대기중
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