First draft of the Declaration of Independence발음듣기
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First draft of the Declaration of Independence
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Male 1: In the last few videos we looked at the final version, the Declaration of Independence as it was approved of.발음듣기
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Jefferson is using a lap desk, one of those little things he invented, so he could stand up or sit down and write this in a little room on Market Street.발음듣기
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Then he shows it to Adams and he shows it to Franklin, very deferential, he said, "With your broadened view of the world, Dr. Franklin, perhaps you can make some suggestions."발음듣기
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But you see real people working together in these rooms on Market Street in Philadelphia, trying to craft this document.발음듣기
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Those of us who are writers and editors, we like the fact that you should really quibble over each word. These are words that matter.발음듣기
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For example, you can see they put in a little phrase right here, "separate and equal station."발음듣기
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That word "separate and equal" actually goes down in American history with some resonance because it's used for a while to defend segregation.발음듣기
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Even when they get the words almost perfect, they have a resonance that they have to be careful about.발음듣기
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Male 1: Do you think they realized when they were writing it how important this document was going to be?발음듣기
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Male 2: One of the amusing things is this was not considered the most important committee to be on in June and July of 1776.발음듣기
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In fact, John Adams thinks he's already written the great document of American Revolution, which is a document written in May asking the various colonies to get rid of their Royal governors because we were going to break away.발음듣기
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So Adams is quite willing to let Jefferson write this draft because he thinks that this is not the most important of all the documents.발음듣기
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This was in May of 1776 he writes once you're getting rid of your Royal governors you really are separating yourself.발음듣기
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But, the reason it turns out to be so important is it's so beautifully written, it becomes the American creed.발음듣기
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When they get together in these rooms and edit it, suddenly they say, "All men are created equal."발음듣기
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This becomes not just a propaganda document, but a mission statement for who we are as a people.발음듣기
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Male 2: This is why it was so good Jefferson wrote it because Franklin is a very good writer, but he's a very simple, plain writer.발음듣기
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John Adams' letters are very beautiful, but they're kind of pompous and orotund and self important.발음듣기
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You have a beautiful poet in Jefferson, but as we're looking at this document on the screen, even he benefits from some good edits.발음듣기
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It's really wonderful to look at all of these documents, especially, I mean what do you see here where they edit the great second paragraph?발음듣기
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To me, if you look at the backslashes, the dark backslashes there, those are Benjamin Franklin's backslashes I'm pretty sure because he used a printer's pen and he was a publisher, so he used that sort of backslashes to cross things out.발음듣기
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Carl Becker, who was a great historian of the Declaration, he's the one who said that that was probably Franklin's edit.발음듣기
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For me, I've spent a lot of time in Ben Franklin's papers, which were at Yale University Library. To me, it really feels like his handwriting.발음듣기
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So we assume that it's Ben Franklin who takes out "sacred" because he doesn't want "these truths" to be based on religion.발음듣기
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Male 1: So once again it's not only the style of the crossing out, this is in line with Franklin's personality and beliefs.발음듣기
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Male 2: Franklin was somebody who had read the great thinkers of the British and Scottish Enlightenment. That means John Locke, David Hume.발음듣기
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David Hume was a person who came up with the concept of "self evident truths." A self evident truth would be that all bachelors aren't married, as opposed to a more contingent truth like Philadelphia is smaller than London.발음듣기
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He believes that there are laws of nature, of nature's God, and that there are certain self evident truths, so he doesn't want the word "sacred" in there because that kind of seems like divine right of kings.발음듣기
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He's saying, "no." As we've discussed that whole paragraph, it's about rationality and reason getting us to those truths.발음듣기
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Male 1: Right, but they also do talk about, as we talked about previously, there's a balance here because they do talk about "created equal."발음듣기
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Tell us, what do you see there? This edit, it says that they were had certain inherent and inalienable rights.발음듣기
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You see John Adams, and we're pretty sure that's John Adams' writing, not just because of his writing, but because of the concept.발음듣기
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He says, "They're endowed by their Creator." He puts in that phrase "by their Creator" with certain inalienable rights. It's a balance.발음듣기
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It's a balance between rationality and reason, which is self evident, and divine providence, this notion that we're all children of the same Creator and therefore we're all endowed with certain inalienable rights.발음듣기
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Jefferson gets really upset at someone; not at Franklin and Adams, but other people start editing it.발음듣기
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Franklin tells them this wonderful story about when he was a young tradesman in Philadelphia and somebody had a sign about selling hats and everybody tried to edit the sign for them.발음듣기
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Franklin said, "That's why I've never been on a committee that's going to have a lot of people editing what I write."발음듣기
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But, those of us who are editors, we kind of think those edits actually improve the document.발음듣기
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