Mask of Agamemnon, from shaft grave V, grave circle A, Mycenae, c.1550-1500 B.C.E.발음듣기
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Mask of Agamemnon, from shaft grave V, grave circle A, Mycenae, c.1550-1500 B.C.E.
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(folksy piano music) Beth: We're looking at a gold mask, that Schliemann referred to as, "Agamemnon."발음듣기
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What we do have, is an enormous cache of gold objects, from the grave circles, where we found many bodies, surrounded by precious objects.발음듣기
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Steven: And if you look closely, just next to the ear, you can see small holes, where we think there was some sort of string, that kept it fast to the face.발음듣기
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Beth: Now there are two grave circles at Mycenae, that Schliemann found and excavated: Grave Circle A, and then also Grave Circle B.발음듣기
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Now Schliemann was a businessman, and a kind of amateur archaeologist, so, some art historians have questions, especially of the one very fine mask that he referred to as, "Agamemnon."발음듣기
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Steven: There's speculation that Schliemann may have over-restored it, and made it a little more attractive to nineteenth-century sensibilities.발음듣기
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Beth: But, there's also many art historians and archaeologists who find this completely authentic, so, we just want to have a little bit of caution.발음듣기
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Steven: What we do know, is that the vast majority of the cache that was found is authentic, and gives us our clearest understanding of this bronze-age culture.발음듣기
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The technique that was used here, is a hammering of the gold, so that it becomes very thin, and very flat.발음듣기
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And then, it was probably hammered against a wooden mold, in order to create the kind of sculptural form that we see.발음듣기
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And in those shaft graves, buried with, what were obviously very important, powerful families, were enormous amounts of gold objects, not only these gold masks, but also necklaces, bracelets, cups, boxes, crowns, breast plates.발음듣기
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Steven: There were also swords and daggers; the estimate is that there was some thirty pounds of gold that were found.발음듣기
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The citadel of Mycenae gives its name to this entire culture on the mainland, that we call Mycenaean, because this culture dominated the mainland of Greece, and traded far and wide across the Mediterranean.발음듣기
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Steven: Right, Mycenae is one of the three primary cultures of Ancient Aegean culture, that is, these bronze-age cultures that come before the ancient Greece that we all know of, of the Parthenon, of the Greek Gods, etc.발음듣기
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What we know of Mycenaean culture comes from these physical artifacts, from the citadel itself, from their various other outposts, and from these treasures.발음듣기
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There was a little bit of what we call, "Linear B" script, but we do not have the kinds of records that we have from ancient Egypt, or that we have from Mesopotamia.발음듣기
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Beth: Some art historians and archaeologists have referred to this culture as being, "warlike," especially in opposition to Minoan culture, which is seen to be more peaceful.발음듣기
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Steven: Well there are reasons for this: For one thing, Mycenaeans lived in heavily-fortified cities, whereas the Minoans had great palaces that were much less fortified.발음듣기
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We find a lot of weapons, but whether or not that was offensive or defensive, we don't know.발음듣기
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Beth: So it's very hard to make generalizations, I think, about the character of these people.발음듣기
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