Crash Course Big History: Human Evolution발음듣기
대기중
Crash Course Big History: Human Evolution
141문장
0%
태국어 번역 1명 참여
출처 : 칸아카데미
번역
0%
Welcome to Crash Course Big History where today we're going to talk about the Planet of the Apes films.발음듣기
대기중
But there was an evolutionary process that saw primates move out of East Africa and transform the Earth into an actual planet of the apes.발음듣기
대기중
But the apes are us. And then we made the movie, and then some prequels and some sequels and some reboots, and now sequels to the reboots.발음듣기
대기중
Man, I can't wait until I get to see the 2018 reboot of this episode of Crash Course Big History.발음듣기
대기중
So we're about halfway through our series, and after five episodes involving no humans whatsoever, today we are finally going to get some people!발음듣기
대기중
I mean, if we're covering 13.8 billion years, shouldn't humanity come in the last, like, two seconds of the last episode?발음듣기
대기중
We are naturally curious to figure out where we belong in the huge sequence of events beginning with the Big Bang.발음듣기
대기중
Whether you measure complexity in terms of biological and cultural building blocks, or networks or connections, I mean, we're kind of amazing.발음듣기
대기중
Now, I realize that many of our viewers will be offended by our human-centric bias, but humans are amazing.발음듣기
대기중
I mean, we invented the Internet and we invented the animated GIF and we invented Dr. Who, and then we invented Tumblr, a place where all of these things can come together.발음듣기
대기중
So 65 million years ago, catastrophe wiped out the dinosaurs and we saw the adaptive radiation of a tiny shrew-like ancestor of humans that would look more at home, like, next to a hamster wheel than in your family album.발음듣기
대기중
So, the slow waltz of plate tectonics continued to pull Eurasia and the Americas apart, expanding the Atlantic ocean.발음듣기
대기중
Primate colonized the Americas and, separated by the vast Atlantic, continued their separate evolution into the New World monkeys, which is not a band name, although it should be.발음듣기
대기중
Then around 45 million years ago, Australia split from Antarctica and, while mammals out-competed most marsupials in the Americas - except animals like possums - Australia saw an adaptive radiation of marsupials.발음듣기
대기중
This of course meant that later, about 100,000 years ago, when the Americas were having their share of mammoths and saber-tooth tigers, Australia was having a spell of gigantic kangaroos, marsupial lions, and wombats the size of hippos.발음듣기
대기중
Then somewhere around 40 million years ago, India, which had been floating around the southern oceans as an island, smashed into the Eurasian continent with such force that it created the world's tallest mountain range, the Himalayas.발음듣기
대기중
Meanwhile in Africa, primates continued to evolve, and 25 million to 30 million years ago, the line of the apes diverged from the Old World monkeys and, no, neither you nor a chimp is a monkey, nor did we evolve from the monkeys that are around today.발음듣기
대기중
Instead, our lines of descent split off from a common ancestor with chimpanzees about 7 million years ago.발음듣기
대기중
Knowing about this common ancestry tells us a lot about our shared traits with other primates.발음듣기
대기중
We have our eyes in the front of our heads - from the days when we hung out in trees and depth perception was an excellent way of telling how far away the next tree branch was so as to prevent us from plummeting to our deaths.발음듣기
대기중
And we also have grasping hands to make sure, you know, that you could hold on to the branch in question.발음듣기
대기중
Primates also have hierarchies - social orders, whether male or female led - that determine who gets primary access to food, mates, and other benefits.발음듣기
대기중
So our closest evolutionary cousins, the chimpanzees, can tell us a thing or two about shared behaviors.발음듣기
대기중
For one thing, while all primates have a hierarchy of alphas and betas, humans and chimps, who share 98.4% of their DNA, are the most prone to team up together and launch a revolution against the alpha male.발음듣기
대기중
We're also both prone to ganging up, roaming our territory, and beating up unsuspecting foreigners of the same species, and not for direct survival reasons.발음듣기
대기중
Chimpanzees have been observed finding a lone chimp male from another group and kicking, hitting, and tearing off bits of his body and then leaving the helpless victim to die of his wounds.발음듣기
대기중
And humans definitely bear this stamp of our lowly origin where, indeed, the imperfect step-by-step process of evolution made us highly intelligent but still with prefrontal cortexes too small and adrenal glands maybe too big.발음듣기
대기중
Aggression and bloodlust are definitely part of our shared heritage, and looking at more recent human history, does that really surprise anyone?발음듣기
대기중
Contrast that behavior for a moment with the more peaceful bonobos, who are female-led and, when a male in a group gets a bit pushy, the females are prone to gang up and teach him a lesson.발음듣기
대기중
When it comes to intergroup encounters in the wild, the male bonobos seem tense around strangers at first until, usually, the females from each group cross over and just have sex with the newcomers, completely diffusing the tension.발음듣기
대기중
While our common ancestor with the chimpanzees around 7 million years ago was more suited to living in forests and seeking refuge from danger by climbing trees, climate change in East Africa made things colder and drier and many forests were replaced by woodlands in wide-open savannah.발음듣기
대기중
Life in the savannah meant our ancestors needed to run from predators rather than climbing trees, so our lines shifted away from the bow-legged stance reminiscent of chimpanzees and developed bipedalism, where our locomotion came from legs that were straight and forward-facing.발음듣기
대기중
There's still some debate about when bipedalism first began, but we know that by the first australopithecines around 4 million years ago, our evolutionary line was bipedal.발음듣기
대기중
Australopithecines were not very tall, standing only just above a meter, or just over three and a half feet, and had brains only a little bigger than modern chimpanzees.발음듣기
대기중
Australopithecines may have communicated through gestures and primitive sounds, but their higher larynx meant that they couldn't make the range of sounds required for complex language.발음듣기
대기중
There was probably a lot of pointing and grunting going on, kind of like me before 6:00 a.m.발음듣기
대기중
They weren't much taller than australopithecines, but they had significantly larger brains, though still a lot smaller than later species.발음듣기
대기중
For instance, chimpanzees use sticks for fishing termites out of the ground, and they use rock hammers and leaf sponges and branch levers and banana leaf umbrellas.발음듣기
대기중
A lot of these skills don't seem to arise spontaneously just because of the intelligence of individuals, but, like in the case of termite fishing, chimpanzees pass the information on by imitation: primate see, primate do.발음듣기
대기중
In a way, this social learning is sort of cultural, yet succeeding generations of chimpanzees don't accumulate information, tinker with it and improve upon it so that after a hundred years, chimpanzees are owners of highly efficient and wealthy termite-fishing corporations.발음듣기
대기중
Similarly, as impressive as Homo habilis' stone-working abilities are, we see very little sign of technological improvement over the thousands and thousands of years that habilis existed.발음듣기
대기중
Homo ergaster erectus had an even bigger brain, was taller, and they even seemed intelligent and adaptable enough to move into different environments across the old world.발음듣기
대기중
They may have even begun our first clumsy attempts at fire, which is vital for cooking meat and vegetables, opening up opportunities for more energy and even more brain growth.발음듣기
대기중
Yet, 1.78 million years ago, we do see Homo ergaster creating a wide range of tear-drop hand axes in Kenya.발음듣기
대기중
By 1.5 million years ago, these tear drop axes had rapidly become common and had improved in quality and were shaped with a flat edge into multi-purpose picks, cleavers, and so forth.발음듣기
대기중
Why is this important? Well, humans didn't get to where we are because we're super geniuses.발음듣기
대기중
It's not like the Xbox 1 was just invented out of the blue one day, it was an improvement upon the Xbox 360, which was an improvement upon earlier consoles, arcade machines, and computers and backward onto the dawn of video games.발음듣기
대기중
It's called collective learning: This is what has taken us in a few thousand years from stone tools to rocket engines to being able to have the Crash Course theme song as your ringtone.발음듣기
대기중
Progress. If there was collective learning in Homo ergaster, it was very slow and very slight.발음듣기
대기중
This may have been due to limitations on communication, abstract thought, group size, or just plain brain power.발음듣기
대기중
Homo antecessor, Homo heidelbergensis, and the Neanderthals developed the first systematically controlled use of fire and hearth, the first blade tools, the earliest wooden spears, the earliest use of composite tools where stone was fastened to wood, all before Homo sapiens were every heard of around 250,000 years ago.발음듣기
대기중
They used complex tool manufacture to produce sharp points and scrapers and hand axes and wood handles, and they improved their craft over time.발음듣기
대기중
While evolution by natural selection is a sort of learning mechanism that allows a species to adapt generation after generation with a lot of trial and error and death.발음듣기
대기중
Collective allows for tinkering adaptation and improvement on a much faster scale with each generation and across generations without waiting for your genes to catch up.발음듣기
대기중
Anatomically-similar Homo sapiens have been around for about 250,000 years and throughout that time, we've been expanding our tool kit from stone tools to shell fishing to trade and actual fishing, mining.발음듣기
대기중
And by 40,000 years ago, we had art, including cave images, decorative beads, and other forms of jewelry, and even the world's oldest known musical instruments - flutes carved from mammoth ivory and bird bones.발음듣기
대기중
As long as you have a population of potential innovators who can keep dreaming up new ideas and remembering old ones and an opportunity for those innovators to pass their ideas on to others, you're likely to have some technological progress.발음듣기
대기중
We've got over 7 billion potential innovators on this planet and almost instantaneous communication, allowing us to do so many marvelous things, including teach you about Big History on the internet.발음듣기
대기중
When you compare that to an average of nine-and-a-half hours for a peasant farmer in medieval Europe or the average of nine hours for a typical office worker today, foraging seems downright leisurely.발음듣기
대기중
Stan just pointed out that I have a chair, something that peasant farmers in medieval Europe did not enjoy, and I want to say that I'm very grateful for my chair.발음듣기
대기중
Anyway, a forager would go out, hunt or gather, come home, eat, spend time with the family, dance, sing, tell stories.발음듣기
대기중
And foragers were also always on the move, which made it less likely that they'd contaminate their water or sit around waiting for a plague to develop.발음듣기
대기중
And with their constant walking and their varied diet, foragers were in many ways healthier than the peasants of ancient civilizations.발음듣기
대기중
They were also in some ways healthier than us, but we have antibiotics for now, so we live longer, for now.발음듣기
대기중
The classical view of foraging life is best expressed by Thomas Hobbes who wrote, "No arts, no letters, no society, and, which is worst of all, continual fear "and danger of violent death, and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."발음듣기
대기중
Except not really. I mean, life for the average person in 12th century France was also a smidge nasty, brutish, and short.발음듣기
대기중
And the lack of wealth disparity in foraging cultures may imply greater equality between social rankings and even between the genders, since female gatherers appear to be responsible for the majority of food collected rather than the hunting males.발음듣기
대기중
And from that perspective, life was kind of ruined by the advent of agriculture and then, later, with states.발음듣기
대기중
As Jean-Jacques Rousseau said, "The first person who, having enclosed a plot of land, took it into his head to say, 'This is mine' and found people simple enough to believe him was the true founder of civil society.발음듣기
대기중
Do not listen to this imposter.You are lost if you forget that the fruits of the earth belong to all and the earth to no one.발음듣기
대기중
Now it's possible that neither Rousseau nor Hobbes was completely correct and that, like, private property and agriculture didn't create the glory days or end them.발음듣기
대기중
Like, surveys of excavated remains from the Paleolithic indicate a murder rate that was possibly as high as 10%.발음듣기
대기중
Now, those statistics are still disputed, but despite the relatively short work day, life in the Paleolithic sounds a lot less appealing when you consider the high murder rate and also the occasional infanticide.발음듣기
대기중
That's not even to mention the older disabled people, who, when they couldn't keep up anymore, were abandoned to die in the wild.발음듣기
대기중
I can't help but feel that I might not have thrived in the Paleolithic what with my visual impairment and general lack of interest in hunting.발음듣기
대기중
On the other hand, it's possible a lot of the crimes and follies of human history may just be symptoms of our coping with the bad wiring left to us by evolution.발음듣기
대기중
We aren't particularly well-suited to the many lifestyle changes that have happened in the past few thousand years faster than our genes can keep pace with.발음듣기
대기중
But how you interpret the lives of early human foragers largely determines your view of history and also the fundamental nature of the human character.발음듣기
대기중
Is humanity fundamentally good and corrupted by technology and modern social orders, or are we fundamentally flawed and in need of some sort of structure and authority?발음듣기
대기중
Here at Crash Course, we don't have answers, but we are grateful that you're pondering these questions with us.발음듣기
대기중
In any case, collective learning was really good for our survival, but then, 74,000 years ago, disaster struck.발음듣기
대기중
A super-eruption at Mount Toba on the island of Sumatra in present-day Indonesia clouded the skies with ash and cooled the climate.발음듣기
대기중
Plants and animals - a.k.a. food - died off, and genetic studies show that this reduced the human population to a few thousand people.발음듣기
대기중
So as a result of this, we aren't exactly inbred, but there's more genetic diversity between two of the major groups of chimpanzees in Africa than there is in all of humanity.발음듣기
대기중
So this small group heroically recovered and spread out of Africa 64,000 years ago, colonizing diverse environments and continuing to innovate.발음듣기
대기중
For 13.8 billion years since the beginning of the universe, complexity had been rising in a powerful crescendo, but in the space of a few millennia, collective learning was about to make things really bonkers.발음듣기
대기중
칸아카데미 더보기더 보기
-
75문장 0%번역 좋아요0
번역하기 -
26문장 0%번역 좋아요0
번역하기 -
Turning a Hobby into a Bright Business
50문장 0%번역 좋아요0
번역하기 -
44문장 0%번역 좋아요0
번역하기
