Ancient Rome발음듣기
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Ancient Rome
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[MUSIC] When I was studying ancient Rome, one of the most difficult things for me to understand is how all of these ancient ruins fit together.발음듣기
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But luckily, we have Dr. Renard Frisser, who has built an extraordinary video simulation that allows us to move through this space.발음듣기
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We don't have everything. So even if you could visualize what the Pantheon looked like, or the Colosseum, they're a mile apart in the city.발음듣기
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What was everything else? Most of it is missing. So the visualization is trying to put the whole city together.발음듣기
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That's the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Jupiter the best and the greatest, which was the main temple of the Roman state cult.발음듣기
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And it's on top of the Capitoline Hill, which because of this temple and some others, was considered the center of the state cult and the state religion.발음듣기
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This is notionally the year 320 AD, the peak of Rome's urban development certainly in terms of public architecture, for the simple reason that the emperor at this time was Constantine the Great.발음듣기
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Okay, so we're flying up the river, and after the Capitoline Hill we see the Palatine Hill, another one of the seven canonical hills of Rome.발음듣기
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The Romans, as time went on in their history, said wherever the emperor is, there are the palaces or the palatine.발음듣기
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So the term palace got detached from this physical hill and came to just mean a place where the ruler lives.발음듣기
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We have to remember this is not only where the emperor lived and his family with him, but it was also the center of government.발음듣기
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They are in fact connected, and the Emperor was a great giver of the circus games and could easily come down to the Imperial Box from the palace.발음듣기
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We know a huge amount. We know about their hundreds of trades and professions, the different social classes.발음듣기
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So one of the most impressive structures that I'm seeing is this aqueduct, this highway for water.발음듣기
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They never could have had the big city of 1 million, or even 2 million that we're now seeing, without the aqueducts that brought water in from 20 or 30 miles away in the mountains.발음듣기
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They kept this gravitational system working by getting the sources up in the mountains, bringing it down into the city and the valley, which gave the force to the water.발음듣기
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And they were able to somehow calculate a slope of even just one foot every 2,000 feet, which is remarkable.발음듣기
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We don't know how they could measure so accurately so that the water kept moving gently downhill but relentlessly downhill.발음듣기
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There is this kind of ambition, this notion that man can control nature, does not need to build a city where the water is already, but one can actually bend nature to man's will.발음듣기
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The Romans were remarkable engineers. They used the water for drinking purposes, obviously cooking and so on.발음듣기
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But also a lot of these aqueducts ended at great fountains, but also in the great public baths.발음듣기
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So this area seems to be sort of set apart from this denser urban part of the city, and these are the baths of Trajan.발음듣기
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Yes, these were not the first public baths, but they were the baths that gave the standard design for public baths.발음듣기
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And we were talking earlier about that the way in which the emperors would provide for the well-being of the city, and this is really a prime example.발음듣기
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So now we're moving to some of the most well-known monuments in ancient Rome, the Colosseum.발음듣기
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There was. The Colosseum was built by the Emperor Vespasian who became Emperor in 69 AD, after the suicide of Nero, a very unpopular emperor.발음듣기
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And one of the reasons he was so unpopular was that after the Great Fire of 64 AD, in which a lot of the city was destroyed, he took over 100 acres in the heart of the city and converted it from private property to his own personal use as a palace, the Golden House of Nero.발음듣기
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And the Colosseum was actually a lake in that palace, and Vespasian, to show he was like a friend to the people, filled in that lake and built the Colosseum on top of it.발음듣기
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The Romans called it the Flavian Amphitheater, because Vespasian's family name was Flavius, so Flavian.발음듣기
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The Romans certainly didn't call it the Colosseum, but they did call this enormous statue the Colossus.발음듣기
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Now you had mentioned that this is the moment when Constantine rules Rome and has not yet moved the capital to the east.발음듣기
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I think it's interesting to look at his arch, the Arch of Constantine, and realize that this is brand new.발음듣기
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As we can see now, what's going on is the main thing that we associate with the Colosseum, the gladiatorial combats.발음듣기
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The third thing is the execution of criminals, often in very colorful ways, ways that we would find very cruel.발음듣기
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And we'll stop first at the Basilica of Maxentius, the last of the great civic buildings built in Rome before Constantine moved the capital.발음듣기
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This is a huge structure, and if the word basilica is familiar to us, we often call churches basilicas now.발음듣기
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So now we're moving into one of the most complicated parts of Rome, and especially when you try to look at the ruins and understand how these buildings related to each other.발음듣기
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Then, on the Forum plaza are, as in the case of the Mall in Washington, monuments commemorating great men and important events.발음듣기
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Adjacent to the Forum, private property was increasingly bought up so that each emperor could build his own Forum.발음듣기
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And we're going beyond back toward the river, where we find a big flat area of Rome called the Campus Martius, the Field of Mars.발음듣기
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It was called that because in the Roman Republic, when there was a citizen army, the army would meet here and train.발음듣기
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Now we've just moved over this lovely square pond, and we're looking at the flank of an enormously important building, the Pantheon.발음듣기
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We would see the part that has the eight columns across the front that looks like a traditional temple.발음듣기
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Because it does look like a regular Greek or Roman temple, but when you get inside, that's when you notice that there's actually the rotunda.발음듣기
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It's phenomenal, and even more so when you consider that this is granite, and it's all from Egypt.발음듣기
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I've taken many visitors there and I've asked them if they have the same experience that I've had.발음듣기
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If you stop right on the threshold and you hold your head straight, I always say, what can you see?발음듣기
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And for me it always defines what is the classical, which is always derived from the human form, its proportions, and its limitations.발음듣기
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And by building a building that exactly corresponds to the limits of our vision, it ennobles us.발음듣기
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It doesn't reduce us. Had it been ten times bigger, we would have felt ourselves reduced to the size of an ant or something.발음듣기
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The building is obsessively concerned with circular form, but it also is concerned with squares.발음듣기
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Absolutely, and notice we also there get the play of squares and circles, because these are square coffers that give us a semi-circular dome.발음듣기
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But what's interesting to me about it is first of all, it was painted, when you go there today, the paint has been completely lost, in the Dome of Heaven motif.발음듣기
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Even in antiquity we know from a historian who wrote only 100 years after the building was built.발음듣기
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The light is very interesting. If you look at the coffering, you can get the idea that the light from the eye is going to direct the sun beams to different coffers at different times of day, different days of the year.발음듣기
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Recent scholarship suggest that this wasn't really a sun dial, but there was a play of the passage of the time, and the play of light on space to indicate the passage of time during the year.발음듣기
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And that is that the sunlight coming through the eye at noon on April 21st exactly illuminated the main doorway of the Pantheon.발음듣기
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Hadrian is very interested in the birthday festival, changed the name to the Romia Festival in honor of the goddess Rome.발음듣기
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He seems to have aligned the building in such a way that there would be this dramatic effect at noon.발음듣기
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And we can only imagine there must have been some sort of birthday festival happening in the Pantheon that day.발음듣기
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As the camera pulls back and we can really see the full extent of the city, you really understand how complex, how advanced this ancient world was.발음듣기
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We have two censuses from the fourth century AD that suggests there were between 8 and 10,000 buildings here.발음듣기
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