Bosch, the Last Judgment발음듣기
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Bosch, the Last Judgment
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출처 : 칸아카데미
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[music] As with many triptychs, viewers could see the exterior - the closed triptych - during the weekdays; and on feast days, or on the weekends, the painting would be opened up.발음듣기
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You would move from the rather prosaic expressions of our world to a brilliantly colored scene of the horrors of Limbo, and the horrors of Hell.발음듣기
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We see a saint on each wing, and these are painted in grisaille, in tones of gray, so it really would have been amazing when it opened to this colorful vision.발음듣기
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The idea of painting the exterior in grisaille was meant to mimic the exterior that is the stone of the church, but here the artist has moved far beyond that earlier tradition; and he's actually not painting niches and sculptures, but actual people, a city and a landscape.발음듣기
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So here in grisaille on one side, we see Saint Bavo, who was associated with the northern city of Ghent; he's shown distributing alms to the sick and the poor, through a doorway a view of a Flemish city.발음듣기
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These wings could have given us clues to the patron of this very large triptych, but unfortunately the coat of arms is blank.발음듣기
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We don't know why, but some art historians have suggested that perhaps the donor may have died before the work was finished.발음듣기
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But when you look more closely, you see that there are hundreds, perhaps thousands of angels that seem to be battling each other.발음듣기
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Because you can see that beyond that original sin, you have one animal eating another instead of living in harmony.발음듣기
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And then you have an avenging angel who's expelling Adam and Eve from Paradise and leading them into the world that we know.발음듣기
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We have an unfolding of events at the top, beginning with God and the Fall of the Rebel Angels, the event that happens first, then we jump down to the bottom, and the creation of Eve; then just above that, the Temptation; and above that, the Expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden.발음듣기
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And after the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden, mankind knows sin and temptation and death.발음듣기
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These stories echo each other. You have Lucifer disobeying God, You have Adam and Eve disobeying God, You have Lucifer being expelled from Heaven, and you have Man being expelled from the Garden.발음듣기
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This deeply pessimistic philosophy, this questioning: Is there any possibility of redemption, given the sins of the world?발음듣기
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And this is a scene that Bosch has combined with images of the seven deadly sins, the sins that cause Mankind to spend eternity in Hell.발음듣기
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This is a painting whose bottom two thirds is filled with torture and the terrible crimes that people inflict upon each other, but here enacted by devils and composite creatures that are incredibly fantastic.발음듣기
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The punishments that we see here are punishments for specific crimes, and the punishments are related to the crimes.발음듣기
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On the left side, we see something that resembles an inn; on the roof, a figure who seems remarkably oblivious to everything that's going on.발음듣기
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And all accompanied by a lute played by another demon, as well as a horn played by a demon in the back, where the horn actually looks as if it's an extension of his nose.발음듣기
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You see a rather overweight man who's having liquid forcibly poured into him as he's restrained by devils.발음듣기
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No. If you look a little bit above that barrel, you can see that there's a siphon that's receiving the excrement of a devil, whose backside can just be seen through the gated window.발음듣기
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Below that, you see one large demonic fish devouring another, which seems to be a reference to a northern proverb: "The big fish eats the little."발음듣기
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To the right of that, we can see just inside the inn a series of hanging figures; and below that, a large cauldron with a series of figures that seem to be boiling.발음듣기
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And we know that they're boiling in molten metal, the metal that had been melted from their money.발음듣기
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But this froglike figure seems ready to take her two eggs that sit beside her and crack those into the pan as well.발음듣기
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And make a yummy omelet. I think that what's so disturbing here is the everyday-ness of the devilish figures who torture the human beings.발음듣기
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They're just going about their roasting and cooking and frying, and torturing, as though it were a normal, everyday activity; and it reminds us that Hell is eternity.발음듣기
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Below that, you see images of corruption, and scattered throughout the foreground you see images of bodies that have been mutilated, that have been shot with arrows, bodies have been cut and wounded and devoured in various ways.발음듣기
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When we think about the triptych as a whole, we have God in the upper left, and Satan diagonally across on the lower right.발음듣기
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Lucifer here sits in a kind of mock judgment of the souls that have been found to have been sinful; and here, he is meting out the terrible punishments according to their crimes in life.발음듣기
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And you can see in the doorway behind him images of toads, which often torture figures, and images of the Last Judgment; and then above, on the roof, all of the damned in Hell, who've recognized where they're spending eternity, who are wailing and crying and flailing their arms.발음듣기
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