The medieval calendar

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The medieval calendar

Voiceover: Calendars used during the Middle Ages were very different from the simple calendars we use today.

In the Middle Ages, people experienced time very differently.

For those who could decipher it, the medieval calendar was a map of the Church Year.

This page represents the month of July.

Each row stands for a day of the month.

The columns organize information about each day.

This column lists the Saints commemorated, or the feast celebrated, on any given day of the month.

Especially important Saints Days or holidays were written in red; this explains the phrase, "A red letter day."

This calendar page shows the month of January.

The Roman numerals that you see in this column were called the Golden Numbers.

These numbers helped the reader determine the phases of the moon.

They were used together, with a series of tables, to calculate the date of Easter, which varies from year-to-year.

This column helped determine the day of the week.

The letters A through G appear in the column.

The letters are repeated in sequence.

Each letter always represents the same day of the week, Sunday through Monday.

Until the late Middle Ages, people used the same calendar system that the ancient Romans used.

For both the Romans and the people of the Middle Ages, determining the date depended on an understanding of three key days: kalends, nones and ides.

The enlarged initials, "KL," at the top of the page, stands for kalends.

Kalends was the first day of the month.

Ides fell in the middle of the month, usually on the fifteenth.

Nones fell on the ninth day before ides.

Today we divide a month into about four weeks, but in the Middle Ages, kalends, nones and ides divided the month into three segments of time.

This column contains a series of Roman numerals.

Readers used these numbers, together with the three key days of the month, to determine the date.

The Roman numerals count down in sequence, from nones to ides.

Eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two, ides.

Beginning with the three key days, readers counted backwards to determine the date.

For example, the tenth day of December was referred to in the Middle Ages as the fourth day before the ides of December.

Some medieval calendars received lavish illustration.

In this highly decorated calendar page for the month of June, the red letter days correspond to the scenes in the border.

For example, this feast day celebrates the Nativity of John the Baptist.

The illustration shows his mother, Saint Elizabeth, just after giving birth to her son.

The important Saints, Peter and Paul, were commemorated near the end of the month.

They appear in the margin as well.

Like many calendar pages, this one shows the labor of the month.

An everyday occupation traditionally carried out that month.

Here, peasants are shown shearing sheep.

A common summertime task.

Manuscripts produced in the later Middle Ages often show leisure time activities as well.

In the borders of this page, children are shown playing with hobby horses and pinwheels.

It was also common to include and image of each month's sign of the zodiac.

Here a picture of a crab represents the sign of cancer.

The word "cancer" is written beneath.

The images weren't just decoration.

They illustrated information in the text, and expanded upon it.

Images such as the labors of the month showed the viewer that specific tasks were completed according to the season.

Together, the words and images help the reader make sense of the medieval year.

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The medieval calendar발음듣기

Voiceover: Calendars used during the Middle Ages were very different from the simple calendars we use today.발음듣기

In the Middle Ages, people experienced time very differently.발음듣기

For those who could decipher it, the medieval calendar was a map of the Church Year.발음듣기

This page represents the month of July.발음듣기

Each row stands for a day of the month.발음듣기

The columns organize information about each day.발음듣기

This column lists the Saints commemorated, or the feast celebrated, on any given day of the month.발음듣기

Especially important Saints Days or holidays were written in red; this explains the phrase, "A red letter day."발음듣기

This calendar page shows the month of January.발음듣기

The Roman numerals that you see in this column were called the Golden Numbers.발음듣기

These numbers helped the reader determine the phases of the moon.발음듣기

They were used together, with a series of tables, to calculate the date of Easter, which varies from year-to-year.발음듣기

This column helped determine the day of the week.발음듣기

The letters A through G appear in the column.발음듣기

The letters are repeated in sequence.발음듣기

Each letter always represents the same day of the week, Sunday through Monday.발음듣기

Until the late Middle Ages, people used the same calendar system that the ancient Romans used.발음듣기

For both the Romans and the people of the Middle Ages, determining the date depended on an understanding of three key days: kalends, nones and ides.발음듣기

The enlarged initials, "KL," at the top of the page, stands for kalends.발음듣기

Kalends was the first day of the month.발음듣기

Ides fell in the middle of the month, usually on the fifteenth.발음듣기

Nones fell on the ninth day before ides.발음듣기

Today we divide a month into about four weeks, but in the Middle Ages, kalends, nones and ides divided the month into three segments of time.발음듣기

This column contains a series of Roman numerals.발음듣기

Readers used these numbers, together with the three key days of the month, to determine the date.발음듣기

The Roman numerals count down in sequence, from nones to ides.발음듣기

Eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two, ides.발음듣기

Beginning with the three key days, readers counted backwards to determine the date.발음듣기

For example, the tenth day of December was referred to in the Middle Ages as the fourth day before the ides of December.발음듣기

Some medieval calendars received lavish illustration.발음듣기

In this highly decorated calendar page for the month of June, the red letter days correspond to the scenes in the border.발음듣기

For example, this feast day celebrates the Nativity of John the Baptist.발음듣기

The illustration shows his mother, Saint Elizabeth, just after giving birth to her son.발음듣기

The important Saints, Peter and Paul, were commemorated near the end of the month.발음듣기

They appear in the margin as well.발음듣기

Like many calendar pages, this one shows the labor of the month.발음듣기

An everyday occupation traditionally carried out that month.발음듣기

Here, peasants are shown shearing sheep.발음듣기

A common summertime task.발음듣기

Manuscripts produced in the later Middle Ages often show leisure time activities as well.발음듣기

In the borders of this page, children are shown playing with hobby horses and pinwheels.발음듣기

It was also common to include and image of each month's sign of the zodiac.발음듣기

Here a picture of a crab represents the sign of cancer.발음듣기

The word "cancer" is written beneath.발음듣기

The images weren't just decoration.발음듣기

They illustrated information in the text, and expanded upon it.발음듣기

Images such as the labors of the month showed the viewer that specific tasks were completed according to the season.발음듣기

Together, the words and images help the reader make sense of the medieval year.발음듣기

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