The medieval calendar

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The medieval calendar발음듣기

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Voiceover: Calendars used during the Middle Ages were very different from the simple calendars we use today.발음듣기

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In the Middle Ages, people experienced time very differently.발음듣기

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For those who could decipher it, the medieval calendar was a map of the Church Year.발음듣기

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This page represents the month of July.발음듣기

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Each row stands for a day of the month.발음듣기

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The columns organize information about each day.발음듣기

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This column lists the Saints commemorated, or the feast celebrated, on any given day of the month.발음듣기

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Especially important Saints Days or holidays were written in red; this explains the phrase, "A red letter day."발음듣기

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This calendar page shows the month of January.발음듣기

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The Roman numerals that you see in this column were called the Golden Numbers.발음듣기

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These numbers helped the reader determine the phases of the moon.발음듣기

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They were used together, with a series of tables, to calculate the date of Easter, which varies from year-to-year.발음듣기

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This column helped determine the day of the week.발음듣기

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The letters A through G appear in the column.발음듣기

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The letters are repeated in sequence.발음듣기

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Each letter always represents the same day of the week, Sunday through Monday.발음듣기

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Until the late Middle Ages, people used the same calendar system that the ancient Romans used.발음듣기

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For both the Romans and the people of the Middle Ages, determining the date depended on an understanding of three key days: kalends, nones and ides.발음듣기

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The enlarged initials, "KL," at the top of the page, stands for kalends.발음듣기

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Kalends was the first day of the month.발음듣기

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Ides fell in the middle of the month, usually on the fifteenth.발음듣기

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Nones fell on the ninth day before ides.발음듣기

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Today we divide a month into about four weeks, but in the Middle Ages, kalends, nones and ides divided the month into three segments of time.발음듣기

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This column contains a series of Roman numerals.발음듣기

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Readers used these numbers, together with the three key days of the month, to determine the date.발음듣기

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The Roman numerals count down in sequence, from nones to ides.발음듣기

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Eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two, ides.발음듣기

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Beginning with the three key days, readers counted backwards to determine the date.발음듣기

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For example, the tenth day of December was referred to in the Middle Ages as the fourth day before the ides of December.발음듣기

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Some medieval calendars received lavish illustration.발음듣기

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In this highly decorated calendar page for the month of June, the red letter days correspond to the scenes in the border.발음듣기

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For example, this feast day celebrates the Nativity of John the Baptist.발음듣기

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The illustration shows his mother, Saint Elizabeth, just after giving birth to her son.발음듣기

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The important Saints, Peter and Paul, were commemorated near the end of the month.발음듣기

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They appear in the margin as well.발음듣기

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Like many calendar pages, this one shows the labor of the month.발음듣기

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An everyday occupation traditionally carried out that month.발음듣기

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Here, peasants are shown shearing sheep.발음듣기

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A common summertime task.발음듣기

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Manuscripts produced in the later Middle Ages often show leisure time activities as well.발음듣기

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In the borders of this page, children are shown playing with hobby horses and pinwheels.발음듣기

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It was also common to include and image of each month's sign of the zodiac.발음듣기

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Here a picture of a crab represents the sign of cancer.발음듣기

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The word "cancer" is written beneath.발음듣기

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The images weren't just decoration.발음듣기

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They illustrated information in the text, and expanded upon it.발음듣기

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Images such as the labors of the month showed the viewer that specific tasks were completed according to the season.발음듣기

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Together, the words and images help the reader make sense of the medieval year.발음듣기

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