Minimum wage and price floors발음듣기
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Minimum wage and price floors
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출처 : 칸아카데미
Minimum wage and price floors
Voiceover: Let's think a little bit about the labor market.
In all of these videos, whether we're talking about renting units or hiring people, these are huge oversimplifications, but we're doing it in this way so we can apply some of these basic ideas that we're being exposed to in this survey of microeconomics, so that we can apply those basic ideas to real world things.
It's important to realize we're making huge oversimplifications and often times the real context can be more complicated or a little bit nuanced, but it gives us a way of thinking about things.
This is the unskilled labor market, so people who don't have any specific training or experience for a given job.
The vertical axis is their wage rate per hour.
It's essentially the price of labor.
This little gap here shows I started at zero, but then I jumped up to five, six, seven.
This right here is a quantity of labor.
We're measuring that in terms of millions of hours per month.
Once again, we have this little gap here, so we can jump to 20 million hours, 21 million hours.
It's important to realize, when we think about demand in the labor market, we're not talking about individual consumers, we're talking about employers.
In most cases, demand comes from individual consumers, but now the demand is coming from employers.
These are the people who are essentially buying labor.
The supply is not coming from corporations.
The supply is coming from the people who provide labor, so now it's coming from individual workers.
Now it is coming from workers.
Let's just say that this market starts off completely unregulated, so it has a natural equilibrium price or equilibrium wage at $6 an hour and an equilibrium quantity of labor supplied, which is 22 millions of hours per month.
Let's say the government in this hypothetical city or country says, "You know what?
$6 is a really low wage.
We have trouble imagining how people live well "off of a $6 an hour wage."
They say this right over here is too low.
The government does not like it and maybe many of their voters are people making that wage, so they say, "Hey, you know what?
We are going pass some well-intentioned legislation.We are going to pass a minimum wage.
We are going to pass a law, minimum wage, that says any employer has to pay at least $7 an hour."
$7 an hour.
It has to be at least $7 an hour, so this right over here is a price floor.
This is a minimum price in the market.
When we talked about rent control, that was a price ceiling.
That was a maximum price for rent, now this is a minimum price for labor.
Since the price floor, this minimum price, is higher than the actual clearing price, it's going to distort the market.
Our price floor is right over here, $7.
This right over here is our minimum wage.
What's going to happen here?
If you look at the demand side of things, the employers are going to say, "Wow!
If I have to pay $7 an hour now, I can only afford 21 million hours of labor."
They're going to say, "I can only afford now 21 million hours of labor," but if you look at the workers they're going to say, "Gee, if I can make $7 an hour, more people are going to be willing to work."
Either an individual might say, "If I was working 40 hours a week making $6 an hour.
If I'm making $7 an hour, I'm willing to work 45 hours a week."
Or there might be a student who's on the fence, who says, "Wow!
Now wages have gone up enough that it makes sense for me to work."
There might be someone who's retired and now, at $6 wasn't enough for them to come out of retirement, but $7 is.
Maybe a stay at home parent now says $7 is enough for them to come out of retirement or not stay at home anymore.
The labor, the quantity supplied of labor, in terms of hours, will increase.
At $7 an hour, people will be willing to supply that much labor, but what's going to happen in this situation right over here?
In this situation you have all of these people who want to work, but there's only demand for this much work.
Right here, this is going to be an oversupply of labor.
Another way to think about it, there's only jobs for 21 million people now and now 23 million people want to work.
You're going to have 2 million people who are, by the classical definition of unemployed, people who are looking for work who can't find work now.
Once again, this is completely oversimplified, because at this point right over here, based on the way I just viewed that, you would have no unemployment and we all know even when the economy is humming maximumly and there's no regulation,
there is some unemployment, just due to frictions in the market, people just randomly quitting jobs or looking for a new job, so you could almost view this as excess unemployment.
Or you could view this as just a very oversimplified model and in the ideal world you'd get close to zero unemployment.
Now you have more people looking for jobs, because the wages have gone, but fewer jobs, because the employers are forced to pay more.
If we make all of these assumptions in the model and you just want to say how many fewer jobs are there, because this, obviously, we're talking about more people even looking for jobs because the perceived wages have gone up.
In the absolute level, based on these linear supply and demand curves, before there was demand for 22 million jobs and that was what the quantity demanded was and that's also where the quantity supplied was, but now its only 21 million.
Based on this model, you're going to have 1 million fewer jobs.
When you think about it in terms of surplus.
Before the minimum wage, the entire surplus was this entire area over here.
This entire area that's below the demand curve and above the supply curve.
This entire area was the total surplus and it was being divided between the consumer surplus and the producer surplus.
This right over here, between the price and the supply curve was the producer surplus.
The producer surplus, remember the producers of labor are the individual workers.
This was the benefit above and beyond the opportunity cost that the workers were getting was this area right over here that I'm doing in dark white or filled in white and the consumer surplus or the employer surplus here was the value that the employers were getting above and beyond the price that they had to pay.
Now, in this situation of a minimum wage, now this is the set price, this is the quantity of labor that is demanded.
What you lose now, the surplus that we lose is this quantity right over here.
We could figure out that area quite easily.
Let's see, this height right over here is 1 million hours per month, so it's going to be 1 million.
I'll just write 1, we'll just remember it's on millions.
Times this height right over here, which is $2 per hour.
Times one half.
If we just multiply these, we get this whole rectangle for the area of the triangle, we multiply it times one half.
That gives us exactly 1 and the units are dollars per hour times millions of hours per month, gives us millions of dollars per month.
It becomes $1 million per month of surplus, of benefit above and beyond, of total benefit that is lost to this market because of this regulation, if you assume all of the things in this model.
Just like we talked about in the last video, we have a $1 million per month dead weight loss.
Now, not everyone loses here.
Because the price is set up over here, for the people who are working those first 21 million hours per month, their producer surplus has now increased, because the space between what they're getting and their opportunity cost has now increased.
For those lucky enough to actually have a job, those workers now do have a higher surplus, but for those employers, which is on the demand side right now, who are employing those first 21 million hours of labor, they now have a smaller consumer surplus or demand surplus or employer surplus right there.
For the first 21 million units of labor, it's redistributing the pie between the employers and the workers, but then because you are making the wage higher, it's reducing the overall demand, so there is, if you believe this model, some job destruction taking place.
번역
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In all of these videos, whether we're talking about renting units or hiring people, these are huge oversimplifications, but we're doing it in this way so we can apply some of these basic ideas that we're being exposed to in this survey of microeconomics, so that we can apply those basic ideas to real world things.발음듣기
대기중
It's important to realize we're making huge oversimplifications and often times the real context can be more complicated or a little bit nuanced, but it gives us a way of thinking about things.발음듣기
대기중
This is the unskilled labor market, so people who don't have any specific training or experience for a given job.발음듣기
대기중
Once again, we have this little gap here, so we can jump to 20 million hours, 21 million hours.발음듣기
대기중
It's important to realize, when we think about demand in the labor market, we're not talking about individual consumers, we're talking about employers.발음듣기
대기중
In most cases, demand comes from individual consumers, but now the demand is coming from employers.발음듣기
대기중
The supply is coming from the people who provide labor, so now it's coming from individual workers.발음듣기
대기중
Let's just say that this market starts off completely unregulated, so it has a natural equilibrium price or equilibrium wage at $6 an hour and an equilibrium quantity of labor supplied, which is 22 millions of hours per month.발음듣기
대기중
The government does not like it and maybe many of their voters are people making that wage, so they say, "Hey, you know what?발음듣기
대기중
We are going to pass a law, minimum wage, that says any employer has to pay at least $7 an hour."발음듣기
대기중
Since the price floor, this minimum price, is higher than the actual clearing price, it's going to distort the market.발음듣기
대기중
They're going to say, "I can only afford now 21 million hours of labor," but if you look at the workers they're going to say, "Gee, if I can make $7 an hour, more people are going to be willing to work."발음듣기
대기중
There might be someone who's retired and now, at $6 wasn't enough for them to come out of retirement, but $7 is.발음듣기
대기중
Maybe a stay at home parent now says $7 is enough for them to come out of retirement or not stay at home anymore.발음듣기
대기중
At $7 an hour, people will be willing to supply that much labor, but what's going to happen in this situation right over here?발음듣기
대기중
In this situation you have all of these people who want to work, but there's only demand for this much work.발음듣기
대기중
Another way to think about it, there's only jobs for 21 million people now and now 23 million people want to work.발음듣기
대기중
You're going to have 2 million people who are, by the classical definition of unemployed, people who are looking for work who can't find work now.발음듣기
대기중
Once again, this is completely oversimplified, because at this point right over here, based on the way I just viewed that, you would have no unemployment and we all know even when the economy is humming maximumly and there's no regulation,발음듣기
대기중
there is some unemployment, just due to frictions in the market, people just randomly quitting jobs or looking for a new job, so you could almost view this as excess unemployment.발음듣기
대기중
Or you could view this as just a very oversimplified model and in the ideal world you'd get close to zero unemployment.발음듣기
대기중
Now you have more people looking for jobs, because the wages have gone, but fewer jobs, because the employers are forced to pay more.발음듣기
대기중
If we make all of these assumptions in the model and you just want to say how many fewer jobs are there, because this, obviously, we're talking about more people even looking for jobs because the perceived wages have gone up.발음듣기
대기중
In the absolute level, based on these linear supply and demand curves, before there was demand for 22 million jobs and that was what the quantity demanded was and that's also where the quantity supplied was, but now its only 21 million.발음듣기
대기중
This entire area was the total surplus and it was being divided between the consumer surplus and the producer surplus.발음듣기
대기중
This was the benefit above and beyond the opportunity cost that the workers were getting was this area right over here that I'm doing in dark white or filled in white and the consumer surplus or the employer surplus here was the value that the employers were getting above and beyond the price that they had to pay.발음듣기
대기중
Now, in this situation of a minimum wage, now this is the set price, this is the quantity of labor that is demanded.발음듣기
대기중
Let's see, this height right over here is 1 million hours per month, so it's going to be 1 million.발음듣기
대기중
If we just multiply these, we get this whole rectangle for the area of the triangle, we multiply it times one half.발음듣기
대기중
That gives us exactly 1 and the units are dollars per hour times millions of hours per month, gives us millions of dollars per month.발음듣기
대기중
It becomes $1 million per month of surplus, of benefit above and beyond, of total benefit that is lost to this market because of this regulation, if you assume all of the things in this model.발음듣기
대기중
Just like we talked about in the last video, we have a $1 million per month dead weight loss.발음듣기
대기중
Because the price is set up over here, for the people who are working those first 21 million hours per month, their producer surplus has now increased, because the space between what they're getting and their opportunity cost has now increased.발음듣기
대기중
For those lucky enough to actually have a job, those workers now do have a higher surplus, but for those employers, which is on the demand side right now, who are employing those first 21 million hours of labor, they now have a smaller consumer surplus or demand surplus or employer surplus right there.발음듣기
대기중
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