Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon발음듣기
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Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon
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I love Greek sculpture, I love the archaic I love the classical and all it's restraint and harmony, but I have to tell you I really love the Helenistic.발음듣기
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They combine what is most wonderful about ancient Greek sculpture in the love of the body, but also the sense of expressiveness and drama which we associate so much with the Helenistic.발음듣기
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After the death of Alexandra the Great; now Alexandra whose father had been a king in Northern Greece in Masadonia had been able to conquer all of Greece,발음듣기
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His expanded territory reached from the ancient civilization of Egypt all the way to the border between Persia and India to the Indus Valley itself.발음듣기
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It was an enormous territory but after he died his empire was divided among his four generals,발음듣기
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and one of those generals saw a hilltop near the coast of Turkey which he believe was an important defensive position and there founded the garrison of Pergamon that became ultimately the kingdom of Pergamon.발음듣기
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So what's going on here is a battle between the giants and the gods and goddesses of mount Olympus.발음듣기
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This is the great mythic battle where the giants battled the Olympian gods for supremacy of the earth and universe.발음듣기
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Let's start with the fragment that has Athena at it's center She is graceful and beautiful even as she battles a ferocious giant, a Titan.발음듣기
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His mother on the other side, completely unable to help him, although she's wild with fear over about what's about to happen to her son.발음듣기
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My eye then sweeps down that gorgeous curve that is his body, his torso that leads into his leg, but is slowed down by almost the staccato of the intersection of the deeply carved drape that belongs to Athena.발음듣기
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So it's as though Athena, this powerful, in control goddess, is bracketed on either side by these passionate, wild figures that are being defeated and at the same time Athena is being crowned by a winged nike who comes from behind with a crown for her head.발음듣기
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So there's really a sense hear of figures coming from behind, of figures coming from below, of something that's completely influx, of something that's completely in motion with an incredible sense of drama.발음듣기
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It's as if the entire surface of this marble is swirling in a kind of counter clockwise motion around Athena's shield which is at it's very center.발음듣기
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It is full of the deepest carving that creates this brilliant contrast between the highlights of the exposed bodies and the dark shadows behind them.발음듣기
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Athena who moves toward the left, keeps her arm to the right and then Alcyoneus lifts his head up, twists his shoulders his legs still back behind him,발음듣기
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You know, we think so often about Greek sculpture as being just this brilliant white marble.발음듣기
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We have this beautifully exposed chest and abdomen and this wild, almost living drapery that seems to whip around his legs, and he is taking on not one, but three giants at the same moment.발음듣기
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But luckily he's the king of the gods and he's got things like eagles and thunderbolts to help him out.발음듣기
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That's right, if you look at the upper right you can see that an eagle, Zeus' emblem, is taking on the elder titan.발음듣기
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As the eagle is preoccupying that giant, Zeus is able to turn his attention to the giant at his feet who's on his knees and is shortly going to be vanquished.발음듣기
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You can see that on Zeus' other side he has just finished putting a way a giant who almost seems to be sitting on a rock.발음듣기
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He's gotten stuck in his theigh, what looks like a torch but is actually the way the Greeks represented Zeus' thunderbolts.발음듣기
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It does, there's a sense of heroism, a sense of balance, even as there is the sense of the momentary and a kind of excitement that really pulls us in.발음듣기
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You know, the story of the gods and the giants is a story that was really important to the Greeks.발음듣기
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It was really a set of symbols that spoke of the Greek's fear but also optimism that they could overcome chaos.발음듣기
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So this battle, it's really a metaphore for the victory of Greek culture over the unknown, over the chaotic forces of nature.발음듣기
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Right, and also represents the military victories over other cultures that they didn't understand and also feared.발음듣기
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So let's walk up the stairs of the great alter, into the most sacred part of the great alter where the fire, presumeably to Zeus, would have been lit and the sacrifices might have been offered.발음듣기
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There are moments when the figures that are carved in this high relief actually rest their knee on the stairs, actually literally enter our space.발음듣기
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For instance, one of the sea nymphs whose legs actually end in the tail of a great serpent, coils her tail on one of the stairs.발음듣기
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And so this whole drama is unfolding around us, moving into our space, and it, it must have been an amazing fitting to have seen.발음듣기
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They were very much wanting to be the equal of the French and the British, and that meant in part to have great museums that express the civilizations of the past,발음듣기
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so they could be in a sense the inheritors of the great classical tradition which was so revered in the 19th century.발음듣기
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And so one of the great thing about being in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin is that instead of just putting what remains of the freezes on the wall,발음듣기
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they've reconstructed the alter and as much of the freeze as possible and so we really get a sense of what this was like in the city of Pergamon in the 3rd century B.C.발음듣기
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We would be on the Acropolis, this hilltop, in the city of Pergamon about 20 miles from the coast in what is now Turkey.발음듣기
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We would walk up this hill, and we would find the alter of Zeus surrounded by a great library that is reported to have had 200,000 scrolls.발음듣기
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