Saint Matthew from the Ebbo Gospel

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Saint Matthew from the Ebbo Gospel발음듣기

(music) Female 1: We're here at the International Congress on Medieval Studies at Kalamazoo.발음듣기

We're looking at the Ebbo Gospels.발음듣기

This is Matthew from the Ebbo Gospels, dated around 820s, 830s.발음듣기

Female 2: What we see here is the evangelist composing his Gospel book, hunched over writing very energetically.발음듣기

Something that makes this gospel book particularly interesting is this charged, energetic, very expressive style in contrast to the more modeled images of even the same period and especially of late antique and classical painting.발음듣기

You can see he's writing with his stylus.발음듣기

Female 1: So we see Medieval materials at work here.발음듣기

Female 2: Right.발음듣기

Female 1: And how Medieval people wrote with one hand with the stylus, the other hand with an ink horn.발음듣기

Sometimes when I see images, Medieval manuscripts of people writing, I also see one hand holding a stylus and the other hand holding a knife which holds the page down.발음듣기

Female 2: It is interesting, he's writing in a codex which became popular with the advent of Christianity.발음듣기

The life of the codex, or book as we know it, took off with Christianity.발음듣기

Female 1: You mentioned these, I think of them as frenzied lines.발음듣기

We think of this book and we think of this artist, the Ebbo master, and we think of these frenzied, crazy lines, and when I think of this, I think of the Utrecht Psalter and that these lines must have been how Carolingian artists interpreted classical drawing style.발음듣기

Female 2: I think it's also interesting because this is a distinct style in contrast to other Carolingian works.발음듣기

Female 1: We see a little classically inspired landscape with buildings in the upper part, again a very classical motif.발음듣기

Female 2: We should note Matthew's attribute up in the upper right-hand corner, which is a winged man.발음듣기

Each of the Gospel writers has their own attribute, which is related to the Book of Revelation.발음듣기

Female 1: And the four Apocalyptic beasts.발음듣기

Female 2: Yeah, the four Apocalyptic beasts.발음듣기

Very early on in Christianity this gets associated with the Gospel writers.발음듣기

Matthew is the winged man. Mark is the lion.발음듣기

Luke is the bull. John is the Eagle.발음듣기

Female 3: When we use the term Carolingian, what we really mean is art at the time of Charlemagne.발음듣기

Charlemagne was crowned the Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day in the year 800, and he was a really big reformer.발음듣기

He engaged in art reform by encouraging artists and scribes to study and copy the artistic and writing styles of ancient books.발음듣기

Those styles were more naturalistic, kind of unlike most Medieval artists.발음듣기

Charlemagne was particularly interested in reviving the artistic styles that were used in the early Christian period, and particularly those associated with the Roman Emperor, Constantine.발음듣기

Female 1: With Carolingian art, we see artists trying to wrestle with issues of perspective, and trying to bring back a greater sense of realistically representing figures in three dimensions.발음듣기

I see several ways in which the artist is trying to do that.발음듣기

One of them is that, we're looking at the leg here.발음듣기

I see all this highlighting, which is bringing the leg forward to us; where this frenzied line style allows for a lot of highlighting and shadowing, and the shadows recede.발음듣기

I see the artist wrestling with trying to give us a more three-dimensional view of Matthew, while at the same time the artist is missing badly in the footstool here and its very strange position in relation to where Matthew was actually sitting.발음듣기

Female 2: Yeah, and this awkward flattening.발음듣기

There's no foreshortening attempted in the stand for the book.발음듣기

It effectively presents the book to the viewer in an interesting way, and I think does emphasize the act of writing and composition, which is, of course, important for an evangelist. (music) 발음듣기

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