The Sun Stone (The Calendar Stone)발음듣기
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The Sun Stone (The Calendar Stone)
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(blues piano music) [Voiceover] We're in the National Anthropology Museum in Mexico City, looking at what is perhaps their most famous object, sometimes called The Calendar Stone, but more accurately called The Sun Stone.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] This would have been originally painted, which would have helped pick out the motifs that you're seeing here.발음듣기
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And as you see it was unfinished, cause there are protrusions of uncarved rock that we see on the top and to the left.발음듣기
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I see a rather gruesome looking face with deep-set eyes and a wide mouth, and on either side, hanging down, what look like ear ornaments.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] He's wearing ear spools, and within that open mouth you see the tongue protruding out.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So this figure, this face, and if you look to the sides, you also see that he has clawed hands and he's holding something, possibly human hearts.발음듣기
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There have been various interpretations of who this individual actually is, and most people identify him as the sun god, Tonatiuh, which is the Nahuatl word for the sun god.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And Nahuatl is the name of the language spoken by the Nahua people, or the Aztecs.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So what this records, with this figure in the center, what the disc itself records is this origin of the cosmos as the Aztecs saw it.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] The stone relates to one of the main Aztec myths, essentially the creation of the various eras, or as they called them, suns.발음듣기
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So what we're seeing here is a record, a cataclysmic history of previous eras, and then the current era, under which we live.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And yet the name of the fifth sun, the fifth era, is "Four Movement," and we actually see that in the four square lobes that surround that center figure.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] That particular shape that it's forming is a sign for Ollin, which in Nahuatl means movement, and we also see these four dots surrounding this central figure, which gives us the name Four Movement, which is the title of the fifth sun, or the fifth era that we're living in right now.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And then, inside those squares or rectangular shapes that mean four movement, we see the names of the previous four suns.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Exactly. So if we go from the top right and go counter-clockwise, the four eras are 4-Jaguar, 4-Wind, 4-Tlaloc, and then 4-Chalchiuhtlicue.발음듣기
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The idea with the fifth sun is it's prophesizing that this current world in which we live is going to be death by earthquakes.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] The city where we are and where this is from, the Aztec capital, is surrounded by volcanoes and a fault line.발음듣기
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Earthquakes were terrifying and so this is prophesizing how our current world is going to end.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] We have this idea of sacrifice in the center with that face, and then we have this idea in Aztec mythology that this era that we're in was formed by two gods agreeing to sacrifice themselves.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] The sun is brought into creation by the gods sacrificing themselves, but at first, it was static, it couldn't move, and so then another god had to sacrifice himself in order to put the sun in motion.발음듣기
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Then the idea is that because the gods have killed themselves willingly, that we as humans need to be feeding them through offerings, and that could include things like animal sacrifice, piercing of our body to give blood, or human sacrifice.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] We have, now, 20 glyphs or symbols, the 20 days, this basic unit of the Aztec calendar.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And, outside of that band of calendrical dates we see the rays of the sun radiating outwards and you see that the largest ones are pointed in the four cardinal directions.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And their cosmos, or their universe was thought to be divided into four quadrants associated with these four cardinal directions.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And Tenochtitlan, the city, the capital of the Aztec Empire was divided also into four.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] If we look closely at the outside band, we can see two serpents whose heads meet at the bottom center, and from whose mouths emerge two faces.발음듣기
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They're associated with time, with the solar calendar, and, in some sources, as carrying sun across the sky.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Exactly. In terms of how we date this monument, there are a couple of other glyphs here that I just want to point out.발음듣기
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Next to the date of 4-Wind, if we're going counter-clockwise, the royal insignia of Moctezuma II, and so we typically date this monument to the reign of that Aztec ruler.발음듣기
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And across from the insignia of Moctezuma II, right next to that jaguar head for the date 4-Jaguar, we see a flint knife, one of the sacrificial blades, and next to it we see a single dot, which reads as a date glyph for 1 Flint.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So what we have is a sense of the structure and order of the universe for the Aztecs.발음듣기
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