Parthenon (Acropolis)발음듣기
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Parthenon (Acropolis)
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Voiceover: We're on the top of a rocky outcropping in the city of Athens very high up overlooking the city, overlooking the Aegean Sea.발음듣기
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Voiceover: Athens was just one of many Greek city states and almost everyone had an acropolis.발음듣기
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Voiceover: In the 5th Century Athens was the most powerful city state and that's the period that the Parthenon dates to.발음듣기
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This building has had tremendous influence not only because it becomes the symbol of the birth of democracy, but also because of its extraordinary architectural refinement.발음듣기
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The period when this was built in the 5th century is considered the high classical moment and for so much of western history we have measured our later achievements against this perfection.발음듣기
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There's certainly an association especially to buildings in Washington D.C. and that's not a coincidence.발음듣기
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Voiceover: Because this is the birthplace of democracy it was a limited democracy but democracy nevertheless.발음듣기
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Voiceover: There was a series of reforms in the 5th century in Athens that allowed more and more people to participate in the government.발음듣기
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Voiceover: We think that the city of Athens had between 300 and 400,000 inhabitants and only about 50,000 were actually considered citizens.발음듣기
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If you were a woman, obviously if you were a slave you were not participating in this democratic experiment.발음듣기
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Voiceover: This building is dedicated to Athena and in fact the city itself is named after her and of course there's a myth.발음듣기
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Voiceover: Both of these gods gave the people of this city a gift and then they had to choose.발음듣기
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The Atheneans chose Athena's gift. There actually is site here on the acropolis where the Atheneans believed you could see the mark of the trident from Poseidon where he struck the ground and also the tree that Athena offered.발음듣기
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Let's talk about the building. It is really what we think of when we think of a Greek temple but the style is specific. This is a Doric temple. 발음듣기
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Those columns go down directly into the floor of the temple which is called the stylobate and at the top the capitals are very simple.발음듣기
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There were sculpture in the metopes, there were sculpture in the pediments and in an unprecedented way a frieze that ran all the way around four sides of the building just inside this outer row of columns that we see.발음듣기
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Voiceover: When the citizens of Athens walked up the sacred way perhaps for religious procession or festival.발음듣기
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They encountered the west end and they walked around it either on the north or south sides to the east and the entrance.발음듣기
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Right above the entrance in the sculptures of the pediment they could see the story of Athena and Poseidon vying to be the patron of the city of Athens.발음듣기
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On the frieze just inside they saw themselves perhaps at least in one interpretation involved in the Panathenaic Procession, the religious procession in honor of the goddess Athena.발음듣기
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This was a building that you walked up to, you walked around and inside was this gigantic sculpture of Athena.발음듣기
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Voiceover: These were all sculptures that we believe were overseen by the great sculptor Phidias and one of my favorite parts are the metopes.발음듣기
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Carved with scenes that showed the Greeks battling various enemies either directly or metaphorically.발음듣기
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The Greeks battling the Amazons, the Greeks against the Trojans, the Lapiths against the Centaurs, and the Gigantomachy.발음듣기
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Voiceover: All of these battles signified the ascendancy of Greece and of the Atheneans of their triumphs.발음듣기
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Just a little bit to the right as we look at the east end there was an older temple to Athena that was destroyed when the Persians invaded.발음듣기
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Voiceover: One really can't overstate the importance of the Persian War for the Athenean mindset that created the Parthenon.발음듣기
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Athens was invaded and beyond that the Persians sacked the acropolis, sacked the sacred site, the temples. Destroyed the buildings. 발음듣기
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In fact, the Atheneans took a vow that they would never remove the ruins of the old temple to Athena.발음듣기
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Voiceover: They did, well there was a piece that was established with the Persians and some historians think that that allowed them to renege on that vow and Pericles, the leader of Athens embarked on this enormous, very expensive building campaign.발음듣기
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Voiceover: Historians believe that he was able to fund that because the Atheneans had become the leaders of what is called the Delian League.발음듣기
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An association of Greek city states that paid a kind of tax to help protect Greece against Persia but Pericles dipped into that treasury and built this building.발음듣기
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Voiceover: This alliance of Greek city states, their treasure, their tax money, their tribute was originally located in Delos hence the Delian League, but Pericles managed to have that treasure moved here to Athens and actually housed in the acropolis.발음듣기
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The sculpture of Athena herself which was made of gold and ivory Phidias said if we need money we can melt down the enormous amount of gold that decorates this sculpture of Athena.발음듣기
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(chuckles) We need to imagine this building not pristine and white but rather brightly colored and also a building that was used.발음듣기
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This was a storehouse. It was the treasury and so we have to imagine that it was absolutely full of valuable stuff.발음듣기
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There usually was an altar on the outside where sacrifices were made and the temple was the house of the god or goddess, but with the Parthenon art historians and archeologists have not been able to locate an altar outside so we've wondered what was this building?발음듣기
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It commands this extraordinary view from all parts of the city, and so it was a symbol of both the city's wealth and power.발음듣기
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When you make a gift to your patron goddess you want visitors to be awed by the image of the goddess that was inside and of her home.발음듣기
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This is the goddess of wisdom so the ability of man to understand our world and its rules mathematically, and then to express them in a structure like this is absolutely appropriate.발음듣기
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I mean we know that the Greeks even in the archaic period before this were concerned with ideal proportions.발음듣기
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Voiceover: Or the sculptor Polykleitos and his sculpture of the Doryphoros searching for perfect proportions and harmony and using mathematics as the basis for thinking that through.발음듣기
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Voiceover: What's extraordinary is that it's perfection is an illusion based on a series of subtle distortions that actually correct for the imperfections of our sight.발음듣기
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That is the Greeks recognize that human perception was itself flawed and that they needed to adjust for it in order to give the visual impression of perfection.발음듣기
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Their mathematics and their building skills were precise enough to be able to pull this off.발음듣기
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Voiceover: When we look a this building we assume it's rectilinear, it's full of right angles, and in fact there's hardly a right angle in this building.발음듣기
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Voiceover: There's another interpretation of these tiny deviations that these deviations give the building a sense of dynamism.발음듣기
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This is not new but the degree to which it's used here and the subtlety in the way it's used is unprecedented.발음듣기
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Voiceover: For instance in those Doric columns you can see that there's a taper and you assume that it's a straight line but the Greeks wanted ever so slight a sense of the organic.발음듣기
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That the weight of the building was being expressed in the bulge, the entasis of the column about a third of the way from the bottom.발음듣기
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In this case every single column bulges only 11/16th of an inch the entire length of that column.발음듣기
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Voiceover: We see this slight deviation in the columns but we also see it not only vertically but also horizontally in the building.발음듣기
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Voiceover: That's right. You assume that the stylobate, the floor of the temple is flat but it's not.발음듣기
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Voiceover: Across the long side of the temple the center rises only 4 3/8 of an inch and on the short side of the temple on the east and the west side the center rises only by 2 3/8 inches.발음듣기
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What happens is it cracks. Our eye would naturally see a straight line seem as if it rises up at the corners a little bit so it seems to us to be perfectly flat.발음듣기
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Voiceover: You would expect the columns to be equidistant from one another but in fact the columns on the edges are slightly closer to one another than the columns in the center of each side.발음듣기
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Voiceover: Architectural historians have hypothesized that the reason for this is because the column at the edge is in the sense an orphan.발음듣기
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If we could make that column a little bit closer to the one next to it might compensate and it would have an even sense of density across the building.발음듣기
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Voiceover: Placing of the columns closer together on the edges create a problem in the levels above.발음듣기
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One of the rules of the Doric Order is that there had to be a triglyph right above the center of a column or in between each column.발음듣기
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Voiceover: They also wanted the triglyphs to be at the very edge so one triglyph would abut against another triglyph at the corner of the building.발음듣기
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If in fact you're placing your columns closer together you can actually solve for that problem.발음듣기
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but because the columns are placed so close together they had the opposite problem which is to say that the metopes at the ends of the building would be too slender.발음듣기
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What Phidias has done in concert with Iktinos and Kallikrates the architects is to create sculptural metopes that are widest in the center just like the spaces between the columns and actually the metopes themselves gradually become thinner as you move to the edges so that you can't really even perceive the change without measuring.발음듣기
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Voiceover: The general proportions of the building can be expressed mathematically as X equals Y times two plus one.발음듣기
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That ratio also governs the spacing between the columns and its relationship to the diameter of a column. Math is everywhere. 발음듣기
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Voiceover: If we look at the plan of the structure we see the exterior colonnade on all four sides.발음듣기
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On the east and west end it's actually a double colonnade and on the long sides, inside the columns a solid masonry wall.발음듣기
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The west has a smaller room with the four Ionic columns within it but the east room was larger and held the monumental sculpture of Athena.발음듣기
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It's interesting. The system that was used to create a volt that was high enough to enclose a sculpture that was almost 40 feet high was unique.발음듣기
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This building survived into the 17th century and was in pretty good shape for 2000 years and it's only in the modern era that it became a ruin.발음듣기
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Voiceover: First it was as we know an ancient Greek temple for Athena then it became a Greek orthodox church then a Roman catholic church and then a mosque.발음듣기
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In a war between the Ottomans who were in control of Greece at this moment in history in the 17th century and the Venetians.발음듣기
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The Venetians attacked the Parthenon, the Ottomans used the Parthenon to hold ammunitions, gunpowder.발음듣기
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Voiceover: Then to add insult to injury in the 18th century, Lord Elgin received permission from the Turkish government to take sculptures that had already fallen off the temple and bring them back to England.발음듣기
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Greece recently has built a museum just down the hill from the acropolis specifically intended to house these sculptures should the British ever release them.발음듣기
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Voiceover: Some have argued that Elgin saved the sculptures that would have been further damaged had he not removed them, but what to do about the future is uncertain.발음듣기
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Voiceover: At least one theory states that this building was paid for by plundered treasury from the Delian League so there's a long history of contested ownership.발음듣기
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Voiceover: As we stand here very high up on the acropolis overlooking the Aegean Sea, islands beyond and mountains on this glorious day,발음듣기
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I can't help but imagine standing inside the Parthenon between those columns which we can't do today.발음듣기
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There are cranes, the scaffolding to maintain the ruin and not let it fall into worst disrepair.발음듣기
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The Greeks thought about mathematics as the way that we could understand the divine and here it is in our world.발음듣기
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Voiceover: There's something about the Parthenon that is both an offering to Athena, the protector of Athens, 발음듣기
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