Ancient Greek temples at Paestum, Italy발음듣기
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Ancient Greek temples at Paestum, Italy
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(quick tempo piano music) Voiceover: We're in a small town on the Mediterranean called Paestum.발음듣기
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Voiceover: This was a Greek settlement, sometimes called a colony, although it was really an independent small Greek city.발음듣기
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Voiceover: And there were lots of these all over the south of Italy in what historians call Magna Graecia, or the greater Greece.발음듣기
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Greece had colonies in Italy but also in many other places in the Mediterranean including what is now Turkey.발음듣기
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Paestum contains three fabulously preserved ancient Greek Doric temples, two from the archaic period of the sixth century and one from the classical period of the fifth century.발음듣기
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The Greeks, over time, adjusted the proportions of the architecture, of the width of the columns and number of columns on the front and side, always in a search for perfection or ideal beauty.발음듣기
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Voiceover: The oldest of the three is dedicated to the Goddess Hera, who was the wife of Zeus.발음듣기
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This temple, Hera One, has all of the elements that we would expect to see in a Doric temple.발음듣기
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In this case it's so exaggerated it makes it seem as if the column is bulging under the weight above.발음듣기
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Voiceover: And the capitals also almost seem flattened by the weight of the roof so there's a real sense of horizontality and of weight in the oldest of these temples.발음듣기
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Voiceover: Greek temples were really meant as houses for the Gods, not the way we think of a temple or a church as a place of worship.발음듣기
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But in the case of Hera One there's a row of columns right in the middle of the Cella so it's hard to imagine how the cult statue fit inside.발음듣기
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Some have suggested that perhaps this was a temple to both Hera and her husband Zeus, in which case perhaps there were two cult statues in the back, but to be honest nobody knows for sure.발음듣기
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There is a lovely sense of balance, of proportion of Hera one, of this oldest of the three temples.발음듣기
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You've got nine columns in front and on the side you've got 18, so you've got a very neat geometric doubling.발음듣기
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Voiceover: And art historians really like to contrast the older Hera One with so-called Hera Two from the classical period, which is very different in it's proportions.발음듣기
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It has a much greater sense of verticality, of being more slender, of not being so subsumed under the weight of the roof.발음듣기
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It's also, in many ways, better preserved in that we can see the frieze with the triglyphs and metopes and part of the pediment remains.발음듣기
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Voiceover: But probably the biggest difference for me between Hera One and the so-called Hera Two is that Hera Two is much closer to what we have come to expect from a Doric temple such as the Parthenon, on the acropolis in Athens.발음듣기
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It's got a second colonnade just in back of the first, and then the interior space is defined by an outer wall and then a colonnade that has a second set of columns above it.발음듣기
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Voiceover: This seems to be a better solution for supporting the roof than a row of columns down the center that we see in Hera One.발음듣기
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Voiceover: So lets spend a moment really looking at Hera Two and looking at the changes that have taken place.발음듣기
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In addition, the flair at the top of the column, at the base of the capital, is not as exaggerated, it's not as wide or as plate-like as it was in Hera One.발음듣기
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But one of the things that's often missing from a discussion of both of these temples is the location.발음듣기
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The Romans would conquer this area, would take the entire peninsula of Italy, they would push out the Greeks in the south of Italy and push out the Etruscans in the north.발음듣기
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Voiceover: They took this area of Paestum in the third century BCE so that's when this became Roman.발음듣기
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Voiceover: So all around these temples are roman houses, roman apartment blocks, there's an amphitheater.발음듣기
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When we look at Hera Two, this classical Doric temple, I think it's also useful to think about ancient Greek sculpture that was made at this time like the Doryphoros or some of the images of Gods and Goddesses that we saw today in the museum in Naples or of Greek athletes and heroes.발음듣기
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We're at this moment of what was called the Golden Age of Greece, of Periclean Athens, of the invention of Democracy, of humanist philosophy.발음듣기
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Voiceover: The culture that at this very moment was inventing the geometry that we still use, was seeking to understand the movements of the heavens, the movement of the human body, was inventing the philosophy that we still struggle with.발음듣기
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We're looking at artifacts, at buildings, that were created by a culture that profoundly shaped our world.발음듣기
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