Ishtar gate and Processional Way발음듣기
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Ishtar gate and Processional Way
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There were eight double gates that formed part of the walls around the ancient city of Babylon.발음듣기
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DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: So Nebuchadnezzar, of biblical fame, ascended to the throne and proceeded to rebuild the already ancient city of Babylon.발음듣기
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This is a city that has its roots in the third millennia BC, but had become a major political center under King Hammurabi in the 1700s BCE.발음듣기
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The city had remained populated, but regained importance in the sixth century under Nebuchadnezzar II and under his father, 발음듣기
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and what we're seeing here is part of the enormous building campaign that Nebuchadnezzar II had undertaken.발음듣기
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He's the ruler of Babylon who conquers and destroys the Temple in Jerusalem and who's responsible for the exile of the Jews.발음듣기
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He reconstructed the Great Ziggurat in Babylon, which had the temple of Marduk at its top and is probably the source of the story of the Tower of Babel.발음듣기
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DR. BETH HARRIS: And Hanging Gardens, which were also considered one of the Wonders of the World.발음듣기
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The one we're looking at is one of those gates, and actually the smaller of the double gate.발음듣기
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DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: In fact, so large that the museum can't actually put it on display even in this very large space.발음듣기
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This gate-- which, of course, would only be opened for the friendly-- is at the end of a long processional way lined with beautiful lions that speak very clearly of pride, of power, and of Nebuchadnezzar's rule.발음듣기
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DR. BETH HARRIS: The lions that we see on the processional way represent Ishtar, one of the Babylonian goddesses, the goddess of war and wisdom and sexuality.발음듣기
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DR. BETH HARRIS: They are, but the fact that they're placed in this very regular way makes them seem as though they're almost trained, or controlled, by King Nebuchadnezzar himself.발음듣기
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The image of the lion is beautiful, this faience raised to create a kind of relief sculpture.발음듣기
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And then alternating with the rows of auroch are a kind of Mesopotamia dragon, which is really a composite beast.발음듣기
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The aurochs-- that is, these bulls-- are associated with the god Adad, a god associated with storms, with the fertility of the land, with the harvest.발음듣기
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DR. BETH HARRIS: They're ferocious animals, but they're also represented in a very regular way along the procession, and on the tower and archway of the gate, so that there's symmetry, a sense of order, in the way that they're represented.발음듣기
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DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: One of the most extraordinary aspects of these towers, of the gate as a whole, is the color.발음듣기
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And you can imagine how brilliant the blues and the greens of the surface would have originally been, not in the context of the museum, but in the context of the edge of a desert.발음듣기
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The Egyptians were able to build their great pyramids and other monuments out of the native stone that surrounded them.발음듣기
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When the Mesopotamians wanted to build, they created buildings out of brick created from the clay of the river valley.발음듣기
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This is a technique that was known to the ancient Egyptians and other parts of the ancient world.발음듣기
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DR. BETH HARRIS: So the gate is massive. It's frightening. It's decorative. And it's brilliantly colored.발음듣기
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I, Nebuchadnezzar, laid the foundation of the gates down to the groundwater level and had them built out of pure blue stone.발음듣기
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And thus, I magnificently adorned them with luxurious splendor for all mankind to behold in awe.발음듣기
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And he actually wrote inscriptions in his new buildings that not only identified them and identified their purpose and him as their patron, but also asked future rulers to rebuild them for him.발음듣기
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He built his own palace a few hundred meters away from the Ishtar Gate and began the reconstruction of parts of the city, as well.발음듣기
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DR. STEVEN ZUCKER: Saddam Hussein was very much rebuilding it not for Nebuchadnezzar, but for his own political ambition.발음듣기
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