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Parentheses

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Parentheses발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Hey grammarians, hey Paige.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Hi David.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So today, we're gonna talk about parentheses.발음듣기

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So, before we get into what parentheses do, I would like to talk very briefly about the word origin of parentheses or parenthesis.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Okay. because it comes from Greek, so para means besides, and thesis means placing, right?발음듣기

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So it's placed beside, approximately, and how we use parentheses is we kinda put 'em to the side for little, what are called asides in writing, little interruptions.발음듣기

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So let's lay out the functions of parentheses.발음듣기

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And I should say, the singular form of parentheses is parenthesis.발음듣기

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That's just one of these.발음듣기

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Two of 'em is parentheses, like so.발음듣기

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So Paige, what is a parenthesis, and what does it do?발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So a parenthesis is a piece of punctuation that has kind of a lot of different functions.발음듣기

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It can indicate remarks by the writer of a text.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Okay.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Or specify a definition or a reference.발음듣기

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It can also show interruptions by an audience, but overall, the parenthesis separates a piece of technically unnecessary information, or what we called an aside, from the rest of the sentence.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So it separates inessential information.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Right, you can take out what's in the parentheses, and the sentence will still make sense.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] All right, so let's take these one at a time.발음듣기

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So here we've got something like, the cookie, which was still warm, was delicious.발음듣기

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Now we could, conceivably, take that out of the sentence, right?발음듣기

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'Cause the sentence is basically, the cookie was delicious.발음듣기

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But if we wanted to add an additional remark by a writer, which is whoever ate the cookie, namely me, we would put in this parenthetical remark.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Right, it's some extra information.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] And when I say parenthetical, I'm talking about this little aside here.발음듣기

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That's what I mean by a parenthetical.발음듣기

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So this is what's called a parenthetical aside.발음듣기

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So the second way in which you use parentheses is to specify a definition or reference.발음듣기

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So let's say I wanted to quote Paige's as yet unwritten autobiography.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Okay.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So, what I'm doing here is I'm using this parenthetical aside to cite where in her book she said, "Oh no, a tiger!"발음듣기

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So let's say this is, what I'm doing here, this sentence is like an excerpt from some essay that I'm writing about Paige's life and times, which I've italicized here because it is a book.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Right.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So what I'm doin' here is I have the quote, and then, in order to say where that reference comes from, I give the author's last name, the name of the book, and then p. 38, and all of that is inside parentheses, like so.발음듣기

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That's the second use of the parenthesis.발음듣기

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So let's say you're taking down a transcript of a speech.발음듣기

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You're typing up someone's speech, and they start coughing, and it interrupts the way they're giving a speech.발음듣기

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Let's say I was trying to render the sentence, "Furthermore, (coughs) I must firmly state that."발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Right, so you can include the coughing in the sentence.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Right. when you're writing it down or transcribing it.발음듣기

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Like, if we think this is important enough to note, we can just sort of say, voop, voop, yup, coughing happened here.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] I see. So those are the uses of the parenthesis.발음듣기

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You can indicate remarks by the writer, as in our first example, or specify a definition or a reference, which we did here with the reference to my book, or you can show an interruption in speech. That's it!발음듣기