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Linking function of the colon

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Linking function of the colon발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Hello grammarians. In this video I'm going to tell you about a piece of punctuation called the colon.발음듣기

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The colon is these two little dots right here, one stacked on top of the other.발음듣기

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And it has quite a few functions, just like a lot of other pieces of punctuation.발음듣기

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The idea of this linking function is that the colon can link an independent or dependent clause with another independent or dependent clause, or a phrase, or a word when there's a strong connection between the two things that it's linking.발음듣기

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So if I want to tell someone what I think about two movies about animals, I could say: Both movies are great, but Sky Pal has one thing that makes it better: dogs that play sports.발음듣기

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This is one sentence with two parts that are linked with this colon.발음듣기

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So the first part says, both movies are great, but Sky Pal has one things that makes it better.발음듣기

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And that could stand alone as a sentence, but it doesn't tell us what that one thing is.발음듣기

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So the colon comes in and tells us, I'm about to tell you what that thing is, dogs that play sports.발음듣기

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So in this case the colon just sort of serves as a connection between the purple part of the sentence and the yellow part of the sentence.발음듣기

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Another example is something like: Going skydiving made me face one of my greatest fears: parachutes.발음듣기

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Right, again this colon is sort of linking these two parts of the sentence where one answers an unanswered question from the first part.발음듣기

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Like, what is this greatest fear?발음듣기

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Well, it's parachutes.발음듣기

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The colon is here to link between this whole independent clause and the word parachutes.발음듣기

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I could just as well say going skydiving made me face one of my greatest fears.발음듣기

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That's a perfectly fine sentence.발음듣기

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But without a colon linking to what that fear is, that sentence just kind of leaves us wondering.발음듣기

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So another sort of subset of the colon's ability to link things is that it can introduce things.발음듣기

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One thing that the colon can introduce is a list.발음듣기

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I could say: We needed to find three more items on the scavenger hunt: a four-leaf clover, a cauldron, and an abandoned ship.발음듣기

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The second thing a colon can introduce is an item.발음듣기

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If I'm talking about the other day when I had a weird legume craving, I could say: I only wanted one thing from the grocery store: peanuts.발음듣기

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Lastly, a colon can introduce a quote.발음듣기

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My friend Liz says it best: "Never open a jar of pickles you can't close."발음듣기

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I'm not really sure what that means, but she does say it best.발음듣기

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So, as you can see, like it was in the first couple of example sentences, there's kind of information missing from the first parts of all three of these sentences.발음듣기

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We needed to find three more items on the scavenger hunt.발음듣기

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Well, what did you need to find?발음듣기

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Or, I only wanted one thing from the grocery store.발음듣기

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What did you want?발음듣기

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Or, my friend Liz says it best.발음듣기

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Well, what does she say?발음듣기

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That's were the colon comes in, to introduce that missing information.발음듣기

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So there's one final case of the linking function of the colon that I want to get into in this video.발음듣기

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If you remember from the beginning of the video, I said that colons can introduce an independent clause to another independent clause sometimes.발음듣기

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That's pretty rare.발음듣기

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Usually that's the job of a comma and a conjunction, or maybe a semicolon.발음듣기

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But, as always, it's still important for you to know even the things that don't happen all that often.발음듣기

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Something like, remember to take off your sunglasses when you drive through a tunnel: you can't see when it's that dark.발음듣기

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The colon in this example shows that, you can't see when it's that dark is an explanation of why you need to take off your sunglasses.발음듣기

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This is one of the two types of sentences where it makes sense to have a colon between two parts of the sentence that could stand on their own as individual sentences.발음듣기

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So we can say, one, the second part explains the first part.발음듣기

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The other case is when the second part of the sentence is emphasized.발음듣기

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So this would be something like, I drank way too much soda: I'm never going to fall asleep!발음듣기

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These are two independent clauses that could be their own sentences, but they're closely related enough that it makes sense to have them connected as one.발음듣기

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So the colon links them together.발음듣기

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And the second part is emphasized, right?발음듣기

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That's the focus of the sentence.발음듣기

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I'm never going to fall asleep!발음듣기

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So in these two sentences we can see that the colon can connect two parts that can stand alone as their own sentences, right?발음듣기

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Whether it's two independent clauses, like in the second sentence, or an independent clause that's technically connected to a dependent clause but can stand alone.발음듣기

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Now okay, this usage is really uncommon.발음듣기

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I really want to stress that.발음듣기

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Usually when we're uniting two independent clauses, or at least two parts of a sentence that can stand on their own as individual sentences, we're gonna use a comma and a conjunction or a semicolon.발음듣기

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But in the case that the second clause, or the second part of the sentence is emphasized or explaining the first clause, then you'll want to use a colon.발음듣기