Big takeaways from the Civil War발음듣기
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Big takeaways from the Civil War
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[Voiceover] We've been discussing the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861 until 1865.발음듣기
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It was the deadliest conflict in all of American history, in which 620,000 Americans lost their lives.발음듣기
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And Lee surrendered, and then confederate sympathizer and sometimes spy, John Wilkes Booth assassinated American President Abraham Lincoln.발음듣기
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But now that we've talked about the progress of war, from the first fighting at Fort Sumter in April of 1861, to the last surrenders in November of 1865, I'd like to take just a few minutes to contemplate what some of the bigger issues that the Civil War raises are in American History.발음듣기
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Well certainly one of the most important things, if not the most important thing to come out of the Civil War is the end of slavery.발음듣기
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You know, before the Civil War, before the 1850s, your average White American, who lived in say Pennsylvania or Kentucky, probably wasn't very fond of slavery, but probably wouldn't have gone out of his or her way to take a stand against it.발음듣기
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I think Lincoln himself was very representative of this view, in that, he hated slavery, but he thought that he had no right to interfere with it and he mostly just wanted to make sure that slave owners couldn't bring enslaved people out west to take lands from, what he saw as hardworking, deserving, poorer Whites.발음듣기
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By the end of the Civil War, no one could argue that African Americans, especially in the north did not deserve citizenship.발음듣기
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Throughout the Civil War, African Americans proved their important to the nation, time and time again.발음듣기
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And so, for the approximately four and a half million enslaved people who lived in the south, they now had their freedom.발음듣기
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And the story of what happens to these people who have been freed from bondage, is perhaps the most interesting, and important story of American history.발음듣기
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That is the question that will occupy the nation in one way or another, up until the present, really.발음듣기
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Another major important takeaway from the Civil War is that that Civil War represented a movement in the United States, from a union of states to a nation.발음듣기
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And you can even see how Abraham Lincoln's thinking on this changes over the course of the war.발음듣기
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Throughout the early part of the history of the United States, you see this balance of power between states and between the Federal Government really shifting all of the time.발음듣기
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You see things like the nullification crisis in the 1830s when South Carolina said we don't like this tariff.발음듣기
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We think that as a state, the union is composed out of the consent of the individual states, and therefore the state has the right to nullify a law it doesn't agree with.발음듣기
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The southern states believed that Lincoln would outlaw slavery, and thought that it would be more important to secede as a group of states protecting in their words, their states rights, then to be subject to the laws of the nation.발음듣기
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You know during war time, the north had to really organize as a nation to provide resources for their populace and for the soldiers and so the President gained powers that he had never had before, and the Federal bureaucracy itself grew a great deal.발음듣기
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And you're going to see this throughout the 20th century, really up until the 1970s that the Federal Government in the United States is going to have more and more power.발음듣기
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A third important takeaway from the Civil War is that during the Civil War the north industrialized to produce all of the goods and material that the north needed to succeed.발음듣기
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They built factories, and railroads and those factories and railroads, and all the rest of the impressive engineering that went into winning the war is then going to be turned toward making an industrial behemoth in the post war era.발음듣기
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So, a lot of things that started during the Civil War in terms of national industrialization really carry on in the post war era, known as the Gilded Age.발음듣기
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That help the United States become the worlds premiere industrial power, and later, based on that industrial power, one of the worlds premiere political powers.발음듣기
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Another thing that is not often talked about with the Civil War is the growing role of women in the United States polity.발음듣기
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Ya know in the American Civil War, at first it was very taboo for a woman of good birth to go and become a nurse.발음듣기
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But as the war progressed, that kind of Victorian thinking, believing that a woman belonged only to a very feminine and domestic sphere of life, really had to fade away in the face of the reality that women needed to play a role in the war.발음듣기
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They helped to chair the American Sanitary Commission, which was one of the key hospital groups of the time period.발음듣기
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And in the south, many women also really took over the running of family farms as White men went away, White women, poorer White women for example would be in charge of a farm themselves.발음듣기
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A White woman who belonged to a slave owning family herself, would then have charge of enslaved people.발음듣기
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In fact, there's a really difficult moment in the movement for women's rights when in 1870, the 15th amendment granted African American men the right to vote, but not women.발음듣기
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Which will eventually grow into the women's movement of the early 20th century, and lead to women getting the right to vote.발음듣기
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This is just a small sampling of some of the major impacts that the Civil War had on the United States.발음듣기
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Often when we think about United States history, we think about it cutting off at the Civil War.발음듣기
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Most college courses or high school courses are organized the US before the Civil War, and the US after the Civil War, because it's a really defining moment in our nations history for these reasons, and for many others.발음듣기
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The United States entered the Civil War a loose union of states divided by territory and beliefs, and exited the Civil War a single nation.발음듣기
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Modern, industrial, peopled by an incredibly diverse range of citizens from all over the world.발음듣기
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The 13th amendment, and later the 14th and 15th amendments ruled that people of African descent were citizens of the United States.발음듣기
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Remember, beforehand, enslaved people in the south counted for only 3/5ths of a person, and that person couldn't vote, move freely, or own his or her own labor, not to mention their own life.발음듣기
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The Civil War decided once and for all that everyone born in the United States was a United States citizen.발음듣기
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But what citizenship really meant for African Americans, for women, for Native Americans and immigrants, even for Whites.발음듣기
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Was still something that would be hammered out through the rest of the 19th century and the 20th.발음듣기
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After the Civil War, the old problems of sectional tension and states rights, were put to rest, but they were replaced by new problems.발음듣기
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