Introduction to contractions

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Introduction to contractions발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Hello Grammarians, hello David.발음듣기

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[David] Hello Paige!발음듣기

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[Paige] So today we're gonna talk about contractions which are another use for our friend, the apostrophe.발음듣기

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So David, what is a contraction?발음듣기

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[David] So something that apostrophes are really good at doing is showing when letters are missing from a word.발음듣기

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Right, so let's say we have something like the two word phrase "I will".발음듣기

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So in linguistics, I'm told there's this idea called the principle of least effort, but I'm not a linguist, Paige, you are.발음듣기

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What is the principle of least effort?발음듣기

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[Paige] So that's kind of a fancy way of saying people like to be lazy.발음듣기

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[David] Sure.발음듣기

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[Paige] Which is, you know, tends to be accurate across language, so you know, we can say something like "I will", but honestly that kind of takes a lot of effort to say, right?발음듣기

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[David] I have to articulate the mouth in this particular way.발음듣기

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It's just easier to just collapse all of that into one, you know, one syllable, one sound to say "I'll".발음듣기

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And when we do that, we use an apostrophe to indicate the missing letters.발음듣기

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That missing "w" sound.발음듣기

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That's a contraction.발음듣기

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So most model verbs, right, if you remember model auxiliaries from the verb section.발음듣기

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We use those a lot in English.발음듣기

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And so it's really easy to combine those with most words or pronouns into a contraction.발음듣기

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So you could take the phrase "she would", which is a lot of letters to say.발음듣기

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Takes a lot of letters to write.발음듣기

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And we can turn that into, with the help of our friend the apostrophe, the word "she'd" means the same thing.발음듣기

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[Paige] Yeah, that's pretty amazing.발음듣기

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I mean this tiny apostrophe stands in the place of all of these letters.발음듣기

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[David] Yeah it's doing a lot of work.발음듣기

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Have I got a deal for your, Paige.발음듣기

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How would you like three letters for the price of four?발음듣기

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'Cause you can shorten, you know, something like "he is" to he's".발음듣기

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[Paige] Right. Yeah, I mean, that's what the principle we were talking about is all about.발음듣기

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Like "he is" isn't that hard to say, but he's" is a lot easier.발음듣기

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[David] So this is pretty straightforward, but there are some kind of strange uses of contractions.발음듣기

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Some strange uses of the apostrophe that don't seem as immediately evident on their face.발음듣기

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So for example if you contract the phrase "will not" into a single contraction, it doesn't turn into willn't", it turns into won't".발음듣기

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[Paige] So in this case the apostrophe stands in the place of this "o", but all these letters disappear, and they're kind of unaccounted for.발음듣기

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[David] It's weird, it's like the Bermuda Triangle of punctuation marks.발음듣기

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They all just kind of got sucked up into that apostrophe.발음듣기

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[Paige] Yeah.발음듣기

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[David] Never to be seen again.발음듣기

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[Paige] Who knows where they went.발음듣기

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[David] But there aren't a ton of those.발음듣기

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There's "won't", there's "don't", but not to take away from our original point.발음듣기

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This is what the apostrophe does when it's working to contract.발음듣기

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Right, it just takes letters from the middle of the word, and it takes them away, it stands in for the fact that there are letters missing.발음듣기

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[Paige] You got it.발음듣기

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[David] Cool.발음듣기

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[Paige] So "I will" goes to "I'll", She would" becomes she'd", He is" becomes he's", and will not" becomes won't". So that's contractions.발음듣기

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You can learn anything.발음듣기

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[David] David out.발음듣기

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[Paige] Paige out.발음듣기

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