The Gilded Age part 2발음듣기
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The Gilded Age part 2
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[Voiceover] So, we were talking about the wealth inequality that characterized the Gilded Age, but you were telling me that that's not the only thing, Kim, that characterizes this period.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right, what really makes the Gilded Age happen is what we call the Second Industrial Revolution.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So, that was the revolution where they had steamships and canals and kinda this early creation of the market system in the United States, say like 1820s-1830s.발음듣기
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The Second Industrial Revolution is more of a revolution of mass production, I would say, and ways of making and shipping and communicating about business transactions and materials that didn't exist before.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So, what are some of these disruptive technologies (Kim laughs) that are really poised to change the shipment paradigm?발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So, we've got all this coal going and that means that there's a lot of smelting happening and that means that there's also a lot of steel happening too.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Steel. I think if I had to choose one most important technology of the Gilded Age, it would have to be steel.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] But, what happens in this time period is there's a new process for making steel.발음듣기
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And in this time period, Andrew Carnegie we talked about being this major steel baron, railroads throughout the United States, partly supported, majorly supported by the U.S. government.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Yes. So, just imagine a nation where most railroad tracks had gone through sort of the eastern coastal cities up until 1865.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So, the Bessemer process of making steel is this foundational technology that enables a lot of the Gilded Age to happen.발음듣기
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So, you can now take raw materials from the West, which is really important, that's where the gold lives and also cattle ranching, you take those things from the West, you take them to the cities to be processed.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] of Chicago. So, there would be cattle drives, I guess then, that came from the West and then they would all be slaughtered and processed in Chicago.발음듣기
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I'm a native Pennsylvanian, you're a native Chicagoan, and we are born from steel places, as the steel industry really grew up in Pittsburgh.발음듣기
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And what I think is really interesting about steel too is that it's like a self-sustaining industry because you need the steel to make the railroads.발음듣기
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And then, the railroad industry pays for the creation of steel, which facilitates the creation of more railroads, which necessitates the creation of more steel and it's just like this never-ending boom in steel in the Gilded Age.발음듣기
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So, steel facilitates the United States moving outward, but it also facilitates the United States moving upward.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So, steel allows for the construction of buildings that are taller than ever before.발음듣기
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And what you can do with steel is build these steel-frame structures that allow you, without using stone, there's kind of like a steel cage underneath the facade of this.발음듣기
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All right, so you know what else made these tall buildings possible except for the steel structures?발음듣기
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[Voiceover] This is the time of the invention of the Otis elevator, and this is my little elevator entrance, that...발음듣기
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[Voiceover] You could go to the top of a tall building without having to walk up 37 flights of stairs, which is pretty sweet for our efficiency, if not maybe our waistlines.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Okay, so, but we've got this steel process which enable the construction of tons and tons of rail and tons and tons of buildings, of new buildings where you can put more industry and more people.발음듣기
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By 1870, there are more people working for other people for wages living in cities than people who work for themselves, which is a new era in the American economic system.발음듣기
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There's some other really important business technologies that grow up in this time period as well.발음듣기
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It revolutionized the speed of business very much the same way that the internet is gonna revolutionize the speed of business in the 1990s.발음듣기
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You also have refrigeration, which you would not think would be that big of a deal, but think about how it allows you to move foodstuffs all over the country to new markets.발음듣기
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So, the only way that cattle could be driven into Chicago, slaughtered, and then have meat sent to all the other markets in the United States was through refrigerated train cars.발음듣기
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And they have similar things for steamships that allow people to, for example, bring oranges from Florida to New York.발음듣기
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So, it's this web of markets that are connecting the United States, and this is my terrible drawing of the United States, but rail and then ships make it possible for all of these markets to connect together over time and over space.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] You know, the railroad was even so important in this time period that, in a way, it invented the modern system of time.발음듣기
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Because before the railroad, localities would just decide when noon was based on when the soon was highest in the sky, which meant that...발음듣기
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[Voiceover] It didn't matter whether or not it was the same time in Kansas City as in St. Louis.발음듣기
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But once you have a train connecting 'em, the St. Louis train gets in at 12:05, if you're off, you'll miss your train.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Or that might lead to a collision of trains if they don't know when the other train is going to be coming through.발음듣기
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So, inventions of the Gilded Age:intranational train travel, the telephone, refrigeration for meat, the Bessemer process for steel, and the standardization of time.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Yeah, and unlike steel, electricity was not invented in the Gilded Age, but what happened was the spread of the light bulb in both homes and businesses, which meant that you could work longer hours.발음듣기
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Actually, the amount of sleep that people got per night switched from about nine hours before electrification to about seven hours after.발음듣기
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But it also made it possible for workers to work longer hours and it significantly reduced the risk of fire in businesses, which meant you could invest in them with more confidence.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right. And I think one thing that's important to understand about these technologies is that one of the goals of these technologies was to make it possible to produce things faster, but also to produce them with less-skilled workers, because a skilled worker, someone who knows a craft and can produce a finished item from start to finish, that takes a long time and it costs a lot of money.발음듣기
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But if you can make something on a machine, then you can make a lot of them very quickly and you don't need someone who is an expert tailor.발음듣기
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So, what they're trying to do here with this innovation is spread consumer goods, spread a higher standard of living.발음듣기
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