The Gilded Age part 1발음듣기
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The Gilded Age part 1
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[Voiceover] So I brought you here to talk about the Gilded Age, which is one of my favorite eras of American history.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] No, because it is the only era of American history I can think of that has a sarcastic name. (laughter)발음듣기
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What's happening between, so I see it's from 1865 to 1898 which is the end of the Civil War, and then what happens in 1898?발음듣기
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[Voiceover] It's basically everyone woke up one morning and were like "oh we're done with the Gilded Age, now it's time for the Progressive Era".발음듣기
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So the Gilded Age is kind of this period of really intense industrialization and kind of focusing on America's development as an industrial and business power.발음듣기
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It's very inward looking, whereas after the Spanish-American war the United States takes a bigger role on the world's stage.발음듣기
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The sarcastic part of the Gilded Age is that this was a term coined by Mark Twain of all people, in 1890.발음듣기
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And he wrote a book called "The Gilded Age", and what Twain was trying to say was that the United States in this period wasn't experiencing a golden age, an era of prosperity and happiness, but rather a Gilded Age.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Well I think what people are talking about under the title of Gilded Age is that it's this time when immense wealth is accumulated by a number of individuals.발음듣기
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A lot of this was done through political kickbacks, bribing of officials, bribing of the vice president of the United States.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Credit Mobilier was a construction company that had less than savory ties to some people very high up in government.발음듣기
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So these fortunes of people like Carnegie and Morgan were built partly on political corruption, and partly on the backs of waves of immigrant laborers.발음듣기
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And so during this time period in the eastern part of Europe, in the southern part of Europe, there were political eruptions, there were just general poverty especially in Italy.발음듣기
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In Russia there were a number of pogroms, which sent Russian Jews out of Russia and they came to the United States.발음듣기
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And they came from very bad situations, so what they came to was a little bit better but it wasn't much better.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Which is how they all ended up living in this one apartment in lower Manhattan, as you've detailed in this Jacob Riis photograph.발음듣기
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And he went around the lower east side of Manhattan, basically just photographing what he called "How the Other Half Lives".발음듣기
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By the other half he meant immigrants, the poor who were living in the lower east side of Manhattan.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So tenements were these apartment dwellings which kind of sprang up, often in the backyards of other normal buildings.발음듣기
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But they were sort of hastily constructed, they had many rooms in them, they weren't up to fire code.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] There is some pictures that can show you no, most of them were next to giant rotting heaps of garbage.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] One of my favorite things about the story of Jacob Riis is that he was a pioneer in the field of photography because he used flash photography.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] There was no lighting in them. so you couldn't take a picture of them without light.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So this is a photograph by Riis called "Five Cents a Spot", and so you paid five cents a night to live in this apartment.발음듣기
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And so if you count here, there's one, two, three, four, five, six, I think this is somebody else's legs, seven, did I get everybody?발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And you compare that with this, which is John D. Rockefeller's mansion in New York.발음듣기
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So the real question of the Gilded Age is how is it that some people get so wealthy, while some people are incredibly poor?발음듣기
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He buys him out for more than four hundred million dollars, he loans money to the U.S. government.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So we're really talking about the clash of two great and terrible energies, right?발음듣기
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