Terminal prepositions발음듣기
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Terminal prepositions
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100% 한국어
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출처 : 칸아카데미
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[Voiceover] Hello grammarians. Today, I wanna talk about ending sentences with prepositions, and I wanna tell you, straight up, it is totally okay.발음듣기
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Like, it is perfectly grammatically correct and sensible and fine to end sentences with prepositions in English.발음듣기
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"It's a crazy world we live in," for example, is a sentence that ends in in," which is a preposition.발음듣기
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And for years, for hundreds of years, there have been people, language authorities that have been telling you it's not okay to end a sentence with a preposition.발음듣기
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Taking away the terminal preposition takes away sentences like, "That's not behavior I'll put up with."발음듣기
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And, in fact, some of you have maybe heard the statement that is supposedly attributed to Winston Churchill where he says, "That is something with which up I will not put," which kinda emphasizes how clunky that is, you know?발음듣기
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This is ultimately a question not of grammar but of style because there's nothing about "It's a crazy world we live in," that doesn't make sense that doesn't function as a sentence.발음듣기
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Indeed, there's nothing grammatically incorrect with, "This is behavior with which up I will not put," it's just needlessly verbose and twisting back on itself for the sake of avoiding something that doesn't need to be avoided.발음듣기
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And we can trace all of this back to Robert Lowth, a man who was the Bishop of London during part of the 18th century, 발음듣기
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and he wrote about terminal prepositions in his 1762 "Short Introduction to English Grammar," which reads in part.발음듣기
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This is an idiom which our language is strongly inclined to; it prevails in common conversation and suits very well with the familiar style in writing; 발음듣기
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but the placing of the preposition before the relative is more graceful, and agrees much better with the solemn and elevated style."발음듣기
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Even when Bishop Lowth is using what he calls this solemn and elevated style, he himself can not avoid ending a clause, boom, with a preposition.발음듣기
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The question is, why did Lowth have such a bee in his bonnet about prepositions at the end of sentences?발음듣기
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In Latin, prepositions have a very particular function, similar to how they work in English.발음듣기
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In Latin, the word "preposition" comes from "prae positio," which means "placed before," right here, placed before, because here's something cool about Latin: Latin's word order rules are different than English's word order rules.발음듣기
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I'll explain. You know, in English, we have this expression, "To put the cart before the horse," which means to embark on a project before you're really ready.발음듣기
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Here's the thing about prepositions in Latin is that in Latin, this, "ante," before, always has to be positioned before the word it's attached to, so before the horse.발음듣기
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And just because of the way Latin works, because of its case endings and because of this prepositional relationship, we can always tell, no matter what order the words are in, how the sentence parts relate to one another.발음듣기
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Now, admittedly, in English, if you wanted to end this with a preposition, it would still sound pretty awkward, like, "The cart is the thing that the horse is before," but it is still grammatical.발음듣기
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If you move this thing, if you move "ante" out of order, there's no way to tell what's going on in this sentence.발음듣기
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Latin, during the time that Lowth was Bishop of London, was the language of scholarship, right?발음듣기
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It was this language that enabled people all over the European continent to communicate with each other in a common language of knowledge.발음듣기
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And because of the history of the English language, which basically entails people in boats coming over the North Sea to beat the tar out of Celts and Anglo-Saxons and leave Latin- or Norse-or French-shaped dents in their language, English has this kind of uncomfortable relationship with Latin.발음듣기
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And so, during the 17th and 18th century, you really see this move towards Latinizing English, trying to make English grammar behave more like Latin grammar.발음듣기
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And that doesn't mean it's better or worse than Latin, it just means it's different, and it behaves differently.발음듣기
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So, if anyone ever tells you that you can't end a sentence with a preposition, send them this page.발음듣기
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