How to read a document발음듣기
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How to read a document
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출처 : 칸아카데미
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[Voiceover] So today what we're doing is taking a look at this speech by one of my favorite Presidents, Franklin Delano Roosevelt which he gave at his inauguration in 1933.발음듣기
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And I think what's really important about looking at a speech like this is not only that we can learn to analyze this as a primary source, which will be helpful for thinking about it historically, but also because I think it's really useful to be able to look at a Presidential speech, or a speech given by any politician, and understand what kind of claims they're making and how they're making them.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Great question. So a primary source is a document that takes a look at an event from the perspective of someone who was there.발음듣기
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It could be a diary of, maybe, someone who was active in the women's rights movement in the 19th century.발음듣기
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Certainly any speech, or even, let's say, like a oral history conversation, and I've mentioned a lot of significant things here, but it also doesn't even have to be something that is connected with a significant person or a famous event.발음듣기
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It could be a shopping list, right, if you are studying the consumption habits of someone who lived in the 1950's.발음듣기
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What they bought at the grocery store would tell you a lot about what they ate, what they could spend.발음듣기
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So, a primary source is kind of the real meat of research material that shows you what people, at the time, were thinking.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So I have done the work of digging up a bunch of primary sources, and, then, you look at all of them and see what they have in common, for example.발음듣기
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So maybe I'm writing about Abraham Lincoln, and I get a lot of photographs of Lincoln, I get a lot of writings by Lincoln and his contemporaries and I go through all of them and I come up with my interpretation of what was going on in Lincoln's life.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right? So the things that I'm interested in say Lincoln's religion, or lack thereof, might not be the same things that another historian would be interested.발음듣기
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So, my interpretation is just one way of looking at those primary sources where another historian might have a completely different interpretation.발음듣기
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He, you know, died more than 100 years before I was born, which means that you can only trust me so much.발음듣기
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You can, instead, maybe get a much clearer picture of what Lincoln was really thinking by reading his own words.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Well, maybe trust all sources about as far as you can throw them, right, because everyone at every time has their own perspective.발음듣기
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And so, the ideas of someone who lived in the 19th century are gonna be different than the ideas of someone who lives now, and you only know as much as you can know, right?발음듣기
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So, you really have to take everything with a grain of salt and compare it with other sources from its time period, and other sources later on, to get a sense of what's important.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So you're saying that you might have a different perspective on Lincoln than another Lincoln scholar, but that Lincoln's writings, themselves, also contain Lincoln's own biases from his lifetime.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] All right. So, let's take a look at this Inaugural Address as though we're historians, right?발음듣기
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So we've determined that because he was there and because this is a speech delivered by him, that this speech of Franklin Delano Roosevelt is a primary source.발음듣기
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If we want to know what people are thinking about, it's very important to see what the President of the United States has to say when he's been elected.발음듣기
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So David, I know that you've been dying to read this in your terrific impression of Roosevelt, so I'm gonna turn it over to you to get a sense of what Roosevelt has to say.발음듣기
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"I am certain that my fellow Americans expect that on my induction into the Presidency "I will address them with a candor and a decision which the present situation of our people impel.발음듣기
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"So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself -"발음듣기
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"nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance."발음듣기
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And I think the first thing we want to do, step one if you will, is just identify what's going on, and thankfully, that's pretty easy for us, right now.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right, this is a speech given by the President of the United States in the moment that he becomes President.발음듣기
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We know who gave this speech, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, just about to be inducted as President.발음듣기
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We know why he gave it, right, very important for Presidents when they take office to make an Inaugural Address.발음듣기
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We can even infer from the Inaugural Address where this was given, right, in Washington D.C.발음듣기
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All right so in our identification, we've got that it's a speech, it's in D.C., happened in 1933, by FDR.발음듣기
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So to get at a little deeper level for this, let's move on to a second step which would be, kind of giving some context.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Repeal has not come, so liquor is still illegal in the United States, for sale and transport. There's massive unemployment.발음듣기
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All right, so we've got the general gist now that this is a speech from 1933 confronting the Great Depression.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Well, if you look at this speech, you can kind of see that he's acknowledging that things are bad.발음듣기
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So Roosevelt is really priming everyone to say, "Like okay, you have not been told the truth from your head of government for the longest time, and now it's time to deal frankly with just how bad things have gotten."발음듣기
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And what's interesting, is that he says, "Things are not, you know, great, but in every dark hour of our National life a leadership of frankness and vigor has met with that understanding and support of the people themselves which is essential to victory."발음듣기
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He's saying that Americans need to meet the problem of the depression with like an up-welling of national will.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right, and I think, you know, it's nice that he's saying, "Look, I'm gonna tell it like it is. "Things are bad.발음듣기
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And that's pretty important, because up until this point, Herbert Hoover hadn't really done much to recognize that things were bad.발음듣기
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You know, he saw that people were suffering, and, yet, he said this is not necessarily the responsibility of government to deal with this crisis.발음듣기
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Right, like this is an acknowledging that things are not great is a big part of this speech.발음듣기
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But he's also saying that it's possible for us to bounce back if we are honest about the problems, and we address it with vigor, and that is kind of the New Deal, right, is addressing the problems honestly and with national exuberance.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Yeah, and I think this is such a fascinating speech because, for one thing, this phrase has kind of come into our national lexicon, right.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] I think he's saying that this is no time to panic, and that the only thing that we should be afraid of is unreasoning terror.발음듣기
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Right, like this is the time to stand firm against nameless terror and focus on making the problems that we are facing into small, like accessible, combatable chunks.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] I think that another thing that's important about what he's saying there is that the Great Depression is caused by something that is very new in American culture, which is the stock market.발음듣기
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And so, the reason that the stock market crash of 1929 happens is because people stopped having confidence that stocks are worth as much as the stock market says they are.발음듣기
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I mean it's not like you're taking your money out of the bank or me taking my money out of the bank at any one time could cause an international depression.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] But when there is a large group of people who all get panicked at the same time and take their money out of the banks, the banks fail.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right, and so what I think Roosevelt is saying is that we cannot allow a sweeping wave of panic to come over the nation again.발음듣기
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The reason things are bad is because of this wave of nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror, and "America, I need your support to make sure we don't let that happen again, so we can turn this retreat into an advance."발음듣기
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