BONUS VIDEO - Origin of the Mutant Plural

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BONUS VIDEO - Origin of the Mutant Plural발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Hello, grammarians!발음듣기

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I wanted to talk to you again about mutant plurals.발음듣기

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So to review a mutant plural is, there are only seven of them in English, and they all change sound when they pluralize.발음듣기

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You don't add an -s, you don't add an -en, you don't change the ending, you change the vowel, and there are only seven to go like this.발음듣기

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There's man, woman, tooth, foot, mouse, louse, and goose.발음듣기

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And these words become in the plural men, women, teeth, feet, mice, lice, and geese.발음듣기

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Now the reason that we have these seven weird mutant plurals in English is kind of complicated, but I'm lucky enough to be able to work with an actual linguist.발음듣기

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Hello, Jake!발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Hey, grammarians!발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Jake, is it true that you're a linguist?발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Yep, it's true.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] All right, so Jake, what is the deal with feet?발음듣기

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Where do these mutant plurals come from?발음듣기

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If we take the word foot and we drag it through history, how do we get to the plural as feet?발음듣기

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What's the deal with that?발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So if you look at a lot of Germanic languages that are around today, you find similar words to the word, the English word foot.발음듣기

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In German we have the word Fuss, in Dutch we have the word voet.발음듣기

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And when you have a lot of different languages with slight variations of a word, it means there is some old, old word out there that all these words are coming from.발음듣기

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So we can pretty much be sure that there's some Proto-Germanic word that sounds something like foot.발음듣기

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Now back in those days there was a different way to form the plural, and that was to add an i sound at the end of a word.발음듣기

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So if the word was foot, then the plural was maybe footi.발음듣기

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That means many foots.발음듣기

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Now there's a tendency in language that you have to understand here.발음듣기

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It's called vowel harmony.발음듣기

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Basically it means that vowels within a given word, they like to sound like each other.발음듣기

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So if you have two syllables those syllables will start, the vowels in those syllables will start to converge.발음듣기

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And in Germanic languages especially, there's one typical kind of vowel harmony which is...발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Okay.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] When you have two vowels in a word, the first vowel will try to sound more like the second vowel, if that second vowel is the i sound, just like in the plural formation of nouns.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So you're saying that the suffix -i at the end of this proposed word footi, the u sound tried to sound more like the i sound.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Right.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] This is just a pattern that we find in Germanic languages.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Exactly. It's very prevalent in Germanic languages, also exists in some Romance languages, some tiny Romance languages.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So what happens when you combine the u sound with the i sound?발음듣기

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What sound do you get?발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Well, strangely you get the u sound.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Are you, what is that?발음듣기

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[Voiceover] The u sound.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Are you okay?발음듣기

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[Voiceover] I think I am okay.발음듣기

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You know, we linguists have to deal with this kind of thing all the time.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] (laughs) Sorry.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] We have very strong stomachs.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Uh-huh.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] You still get this sound in languages like German and Dutch.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So then that's what this u is, right?발음듣기

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So this sound, or I guess, so the plural of German Fuss is what you said? Fusse?발음듣기

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Okay, so bring this home for me.발음듣기

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So at some point in the development of English, or of all these Germanic languages, we had this word foot and then it turned into footi, and then it turned into what?발음듣기

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It turned into futi?발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Something like futi, right.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Okay.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Now eventually that u sound dropped out of English, which is why it's so hard for us to pronounce, and it was replaced in pretty much all cases with the ii sound.발음듣기

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So we get the word feeti and then the i drops off, and we're left with foot as the singular and feet as the plural.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Cool. So it goes from foot to feeti.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Now the same exact thing happened with the word mouse, which probably used to be moos, because in Frisian, which is the closest cousin to English, the word for mouse still is Muus.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Moos?발음듣기

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[Voiceover] And you find similar things in a lot of Germanic languages like muis in Dutch and Maus in German.발음듣기

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The plural became muusi, and then eventually meesi, then you get mees.발음듣기

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Then a few hundred year later, during the Great Vowel Shift that mees becomes mice.발음듣기

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A lot of ii vowels in the Great Vowel Shift about 500 years ago became ai vowels.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] So this is sort of a broad pattern these mutant words all take.발음듣기

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It's this umlaut mutation, right?발음듣기

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Because these little, these double dots that go over a, oh it looks like a smiley face, that go over a vowel change its color, right?발음듣기

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They change its meaning.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] And that process is called either umlaut mutation or i-mutation, not eye like the sight organ, i like the letter in English.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Cool. Well, I hope that cleared some things up for you.발음듣기

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You can learn anything. David out.발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Jake out. (clap)발음듣기

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[Voiceover] That was a high five, not a slap.발음듣기

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