Early phases of Civil War and Antietam발음듣기
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Early phases of Civil War and Antietam
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Shortly after his inauguration, you have the whole situation at Fort Sumter, which is really the start of the Civil War.발음듣기
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And the overall theaters of war, we have this corridor here in the Northeast in Virginia and Maryland.발음듣기
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And so what happens as we get started, we talked about Bull Run being the first major battle.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Well I think it's a surprise to everyone when the South does much better in the first year of the war than the North.발음듣기
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Knowing the major advantages that the North has in industrial power, in railroads, and just in the sheer number of people, it's very surprising that the leadership in the South does such an incredible job of really blocking the North's advances.발음듣기
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The North is attempting to take Richmond, and Lee repeatedly keeps General McClellan from getting to Richmond.발음듣기
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The South essentially wins in Bull Run, and they have a series of victories as you mentioned in year one.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right, so one problem that the North has is that Lincoln's generals are just not nearly as skilled.발음듣기
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George B. McClellan that we've talked about, his idea of the South's power is perhaps considerably greater than the South's actual power.발음듣기
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He loves parading his army, but I think he was actually a little too close to the troops himself.발음듣기
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He was really afraid to lose anyone, which made him very popular with the army, but drove Lincoln crazy because the North comes out with this really strong numeric and industrial advantage.발음듣기
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In fact Lincoln, who we often think of as being sort of this great-grandfatherly, sweet character, who has so many words of wisdom, his letters to McClellan are downright snarky.발음듣기
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And what we talked about in previous years, everyone thought this was gonna be a fast engagement.발음듣기
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It's really borne out by the numbers, that in many cases where McClellan thought he was facing just thousands of troops, he was really only facing a fraction of that.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] At what point is the turning point, at least in these early stages of the Civil War, as we have here in this timeline?발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right so Lee, since he's done so well in Virginia, he decides that he's gonna take the army to the North.발음듣기
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This is the first time that he heads up into the border state of Maryland, and he meets at Antietam Creek with McClellan.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right well the South refers to it as the nearby town which is Sharpsburg, Maryland.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right, so 4,000 Americans died on a single day, September 17th, 1862 when these two armies meet at Antietam.발음듣기
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And on no other day in American history have so many Americans died, not even on September 11th did that many Americans die.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Yeah, well I think one of the truisms, perhaps about military strategy in general, is that people are always planning for the last war.발음듣기
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They're not planning for the next war, and so they learn from their mistakes, but what they don't know how to do always is anticipate what's going to be new about this war.발음듣기
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And there were so many new inventions during this time period that really made the Civil War an incredibly deadly war.발음듣기
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So this is a war where there's a transition from the musket to the rifle, and what's different about a rifle is that inside the barrel of a rifle, there is a sort of spiral-shaped groove.발음듣기
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It's sort of the difference between just hurling a football end over end and throwing a spiral, so you can hit a target at 600 yards, which is much greater.발음듣기
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If you see paintings of, for example the Napoleonic Wars, just involved a whole bunch of soldiers lining up and going toward each other.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Yeah I don't honest consider myself... a great military strategist, but wearing these (Kim laughs) bright uniforms and marching in step in these kind of...발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Yes, yes, but anyway, you have the rifle now, much more accurate and you end up with scenes like this, but what was the outcome of Antietam?발음듣기
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One, on the negative side for the North, is this is a battle that is widely photographed as you can see.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] He sends out his photographer that works for him, named Alexander Gardner, and they have roving photographers for the first time.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right, and so they have Alexander Gardner photograph the battlefields at Antietam.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] As you can see, this is just about as far away from the kind of heroic paintings of what battles looked like that people had been used to seeing up until this point.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And this is really fascinating 'cause we take it for granted in today's day and age is that the effect of media on people's perception of things like war.발음듣기
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Before the camera, before photographs, if I'm a civilian, I just hear about these great stories, and I see these paintings that look very valiant and very heroic.발음듣기
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But now with photographs, you see the grim reality of war, people just shot in their tracks.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Yeah and it's a real PR problem for the North because this is before we can really put photography in newspapers.발음듣기
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They don't have that technology yet, but these photographs were put on display in Brady's studios.발음듣기
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He had one in Washington, D.C. and one in New York City, and people would go and look at these photographs, and it was very shocking to them.발음듣기
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In some cases, they could make out the faces of the individual men who were dead on the battlefield.발음듣기
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To think of some poor person going into one of these studios and seeing their son dead there on the battlefield made it very difficult for the North to keep up morale.발음듣기
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