All men are created equal발음듣기
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All men are created equal
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[Man 1] The second paragraph of the declaration is one of the most amazing set of phrases ever written.발음듣기
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It is the creed of what makes America and now, what makes the aspirations of many people around the world.발음듣기
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It's, "We hold these truths to be self-evident "that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness."발음듣기
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[Man 2] "All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness."발음듣기
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'"We", it says, is the American colonies, now gathering as the United States of America, but they're basically white males.발음듣기
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So, what the arc of American history shows is that word "we" begins, over the course of decades and then centuries, to include more and more people.발음듣기
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Eventually, it includes freed slaves, eventually it includes women, but that's a narrative of American history, is who are we that have these truths as self-evident, that we're all equal?발음듣기
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This is an age right after Isaac Newton has made everything in the universe rational through scientific laws and it also comes from some of the philosophers, especially David Hume, that there are just certain things that are self-evident.발음듣기
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That's an important concept, that they're not appealing to anybody else to say, "What are these truths?"발음듣기
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They're saying, "This is just our rationality tells us this is true," but then they say, all men are created equal."발음듣기
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[Man 1] Right, it's like mankind, to some extent, but then again, at least Jefferson, he owned slaves.발음듣기
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Even though they mean "man" sort of like mankind, they also really generally mean men, at this point.발음듣기
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At a certain point in life, Jefferson owns a whole lot of property and Franklin is quite rich as a printer and different people have different statuses in life, but they're saying that in a fundamental, political way, we all start off created equal.발음듣기
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We have certain rights that you just can't take away from us whether we're rich or poor or whatever.발음듣기
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[Man 1] Right and Thomas Paine, who is a pamphleteer, has just written this document Common Sense and that's helped inspire everybody.발음듣기
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Divine right of kings was a British concept, which meant God made certain people more equal or better than others, and the king, by divine right, had these powers and we're saying, "No, the kings don't "have any more powers."발음듣기
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Ben Franklin was very much of that way, which was he hated the notion of aristocracy, that some people were born noble and some people were born aristocratic and some people were born royal and whatever, but think about it for a moment.발음듣기
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A guy who owns a lot of slaves, what was he thinking when he writes this amazing phrase, "all men are created equal"?발음듣기
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Here's a guy who did not end up even freeing most of his slaves in his lifetime and yet, he could write these inspiring words.발음듣기
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If you read about Jefferson, you know that was the fundamental conflict and it's a conflict that we, as a nation, have been wrestling with.발음듣기
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Ben Franklin is interesting, because early on in life, he had two household slaves, who he didn't really treat as slaves, but they were his household servants and he had allowed the advertising of slavery in the Pennsylvania Gazette, the newspaper that he published, but he realized, after he writes these words, "created equal", he realizes how abhorrent that is, to his own notions, that people are created equal.발음듣기
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Of course, he's by then, freed his slaves, but becomes a president of the Society for the Abolition of Slavery in Pennsylvania, as a way of trying to make up for the fact that he'd erred, he had been wrong when he was young, to tolerate the institution of slavery and he becomes an abolitionist.발음듣기
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When you take an American history class, it seems like obviously everything comes to a head leading up the Civil War, but this was already starting to become an issue, a moral issue, a philosophical issue, even at the founding of the country.발음듣기
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[Man 1] And a political issue, as well, because if you want Jefferson and you want Virginia in, the reason John Adams ...발음듣기
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There was no cotton being grown in Massachusetts, but if you were a cotton farmer or a plantation owner in Virginia, you tended to own slaves and it becomes a great political issue where the slaveholding states have to be brought into this union.발음듣기
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[Man 1] Yeah, if you want to say that it was totally resolved by the Civil War and there will be some who will say that that was the original stain on this unbelievably beautiful phrase, which is that "all men are created equal."발음듣기
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