Why is that important? Looking at Jackson Pollock

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Why is that important? Looking at Jackson Pollock발음듣기

(piano playing) [Voiceover] So, what are we looking at here?발음듣기

[Voiceover] This is a Jackson Pollock in the Museum of Modern Art, Number 1A, 1948.발음듣기

It's one of his signature drip paintings.발음듣기

[Voiceover] It's called 1A? Is it his first?발음듣기

It seems like it is, based on how it was named.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Pollock was a little bit tricky with his naming conventions, especially when he moved to numbering.발음듣기

He's not all that consistent.발음듣기

He didn't necessarily start with 1, and then move up to 2.발음듣기

[Voiceover] (chuckling) I see.발음듣기

[Voiceover] When he didn't want to confuse it with another painting that was called, "1."발음듣기

[Voiceover] (chuckling) I see. We do that ourselves with Khan Academy videos.발음듣기

(laughs) We change the naming.발음듣기

When you look at this, and I've actually seen some of ...발음듣기

I don't know if I saw this exact piece.발음듣기

They sometimes blend together a little bit.발음듣기

But, I've seen some of his paintings in real life.발음듣기

When you look at it from afar, they do look like [a mess], a craziness, but up close, there does seem to be some ...발음듣기

I couldn't just paint this exactly the way he did it.발음듣기

It seems like there is some technicality to it.발음듣기

It does [unintelligible], I guess, a more general question of ...발음듣기

Does this look like a random mess?발음듣기

He just looks like he's throwing up paint there.발음듣기

I think, for a lot of people, they feel ... so what's the big deal here?발음듣기

I feel like a lot of people could have done something like this.발음듣기

[Voiceover] I think Pollock actually would have liked the idea that we looked at it and saw a bit of a mess.발음듣기

In fact, one of the issues that he was interested in, and I think certainly the abstract expressionists were interested in, is this idea that somehow the internal self was being brought out.발음듣기

That might be, in fact, a mess.발음듣기

[Voiceover] In a lot of our conversations, we've been talking about the importance of context, not just looking at that piece by itself, to get some context.발음듣기

This was done in 1948.발음듣기

Was there other stuff like this that was done before, or was he really the first to put up stuff like this?발음듣기

[Voiceover] He was really the first.발음듣기

In fact, one of his compatriots, another abstract expressionist said, "Jackson really broke the ice."발음듣기

This was the first painting, not that was absolutely abstract, but that was, what we call, "action painting," that was a kind of almost performative action in the arena of the canvas.발음듣기

Pollock didn't paint on an easel at this point.발음듣기

He took the un-stretched, un-primed canvas ...발음듣기

That is literally just unrolled the cotton duck on the floor of his studio, and then walked around it and painted.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Yeah, and maybe even threw the paint, or not necessarily even painting it.발음듣기

[Voiceover] In fact, in this painting, if you look at it really closely, there's a thin bead of white paint that scrawls all over the surface.발음듣기

When you look at it really closely, you actually see that it is a bead of paint that stands off from the surface.발음듣기

He actually boasted to one of his friends, that he had taken a large tube of white paint.발음듣기

He had punctured the side of the tube.발음듣기

Then, in one movement, had squeezed out the entire tube across the surface of that canvas.발음듣기

That is ... for him, it was almost a kind of performative act.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Just going back, we've looked at a lot of modern art.발음듣기

One of the things that least [unintelligible] me was when we discussed how modern art is not about creating an illusion of something else that more traditional art traditionally did.발음듣기

Modern art was really about the piece itself representing itself, but before Pollock came along, if I'm hearing you correctly, most of the people were doing the more rigid modern art, or [unintelligible] [you call them], I guess, careful modern art, where it was very geometric.발음듣기

It wasn't this. It wasn't this wildness, or however.발음듣기

That's what you imagine [unintelligible], this hairiness that comes to mind when you look at this.발음듣기

That's why it was of note.발음듣기

Once again, if i were to go out, get an un-stretched canvas, I would probably have a lot of fun doing what Pollock did, but it wouldn't be as interesting to the art community.발음듣기

[Voiceover] He was actually really technically sophisticated within this technique.발음듣기

I think it's something that's easy to get lost.발음듣기

He was a real master of paint that was being dripped, that was being splattered, that was being flung.발음듣기

He understood its viscosity.발음듣기

He was able to control it to an extraordinary degree.발음듣기

You can see that in the photographs of his painting, and especially in the films of his painting.발음듣기

If you look at this painting really closely, you'll notice that it's not just paint that has been flung.발음듣기

Look at the upper-right corner.발음듣기

You might be able to just make out that you're seeing his hand prints.발음듣기

He took black paint, and stuck his hand in it, and then pressed it against the canvas.발음듣기

Now, there are some reports that he had recently looked at Paleolithic cave painting, where there are hand prints, or more precisely, there are areas where somebody put their hand against the wall, and then literally spit pigment against it, creating a negative image of a hand.발음듣기

Pollock, I think, was fascinated by trying to retrieve not the analytic, precise geometry of abstraction that you talked about a moment ago, but rather going back to a primal, elemental human experience.발음듣기

I think that he's able to brilliantly collapse the 30,000 years that separated us and the artists of the caves.발음듣기

[Voiceover] I bring this up a lot in our conversations.발음듣기

I see what you're saying.발음듣기

I also actually appreciate the fact that he helped redefine what art was.발음듣기

That's one thing that I've learned in our conversations, that it's not the art by itself.발음듣기

[It hasn't] pushed our thinking as to what art actually is, but there's a nagging feeling in me that it is overinterpreting it a little bit.발음듣기

You never explicitly said that he had visited these cave paintings, then we would just say, "Well, he put hand prints there, because he felt like putting hand prints."발음듣기

Is there something to that, or am I not seeing it?발음듣기

[Voiceover] I think that the idea that we are interpreting is something that always makes us uncomfortable.발음듣기

This isn't math and science.발음듣기

At least, this isn't arithmetic in that there is a clear, right answer.발음듣기

This is actually something that I wanted to ask you about.발음듣기

When you get in higher mathematics, and certainly the sciences, am I wrong that there is interpretation involved?발음듣기

[Voiceover] I'm not sure if it's exactly the same.발음듣기

What you do have is, especially if you go to higher-order mathematics, or higher-order physics, you will have equations emerging.발음듣기

Then, those are subject to interpretation in terms of what are they telling us about reality?발음듣기

Here, it's a deeper form of subjectivity, I guess, for lack of a better word.발음듣기

I don't think there's anything wrong with that.발음듣기

Obviously, that's what art is ... is that we subjectively have a reaction to it.발음듣기

I guess what I sometimes feel, and I suspect a lot of people feel, is why was this thing validated?발음듣기

There's so much out there.발음듣기

It does seem a little bit arbitrary sometimes.발음듣기

Do you, as an art historian, feel that sometimes?발음듣기

[Beth] I don't think we feel that at all, actually, or at least I don't.발음듣기

I think because the question that keeps coming up for us also in these conversations of context.발음듣기

In this case, with Pollock, it would mean America during the post-war period.발음듣기

It would also mean looking at Pollock's life and the kinds of things that he was interested in as an individual.발음듣기

We know that he was interested in psychoanalysis.발음듣기

We know that he was interested in delving inward.발음듣기

When we look at works, like "Number 1A," we can put it in that broader context of both the individual and the culture that he lived in.발음듣기

[Voiceover] It's true that all of this art, and, in fact, the styles that are developed are very clear attempts to solve problems that these artists are engaged in, in a very personal way, and also in a very philosophical way.발음듣기

I think there's a clue that Pollock is giving us.발음듣기

If you look at the title, "Number 1A," 1948, it is Pollock's very conscious attempt, and very clear signal that he doesn't want to give a narrative title to this painting.발음듣기

He wants to leave the field open, in a sense, so that there is room for interpretation.발음듣기

He doesn't want to close it down.발음듣기

So, what he's done, is he's borrowed a system of titling that comes from music, that comes from composers.발음듣기

He's doing this in order, in fact, not to prompt certain kinds of images, so that we're not looking for something specific.발음듣기

[Voiceover] How many of these ... because the other thing that the title tells you is that it's probably not the only one like this.발음듣기

How many of these did he end up doing?발음듣기

[Voiceover] It was only a few years before this that he really began to experiment with the way in which paint could be applied to a canvas.발음듣기

This is a very radical idea, take-발음듣기

[Beth] Without a brush.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Without a brush, that's right.발음듣기

Taking the canvas off the wall, putting it on the floor, so that there is this very direct confrontation between the artist's movement around the canvas and the actual paint itself.발음듣기

In fact, some art historians have gone so far as to say this is almost a kind of choreographic notation that we literally see the artist's hand movements and body movements here.발음듣기

It is their dance through space that's being rendered.발음듣기

The artist begins to experiment with these thick [schemes] of paint that intertwine.발음듣기

He does that in a tentative way, still during the 2nd World War, I think, in 1943, 1944, pulls away from it a bit, and then really dives in around 1947, and now we see in 1948.발음듣기

He'll continue this through the large, triumphal paintings of 1950, and then he'll hit a wall.발음듣기

Now, part of that had to do with his own biography, but he pushed painting probably as far as he could have at that moment, and then he began to explore, again, the figurative.발음듣기

We're looking at a painting that is at this incredible and dynamic moment of invention and exploration.발음듣기

[Beth] I think that there's always the danger of over-interpreting, but that for the most part, in the museum, it's good to be open to the idea that the images have meaning, and that for the most part, what we're given are paintings that there's a consensus are important, and that somehow that reaction that I think we all feel, that I know that I certainly still feel when I look at some works of art in galleries and museums of, "What is that?발음듣기

'"What could that be? Why is that important? That doesn't look like much of anything to me." and to take a step back and try to learn something more, try to broaden my horizons.발음듣기

What the museum gives us is the final object.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Yeah. alone on the wall.발음듣기

Really, we need all of these other things to come to terms with the work of art, and truly appreciate it.발음듣기

[Voiceover] That brings up, I guess, a broader idea.발음듣기

Obviously, there's a very famous movie about Jackson Pollock.발음듣기

I remember, when seeing that, seeing the actor go through the motions of reinacting what Pollock might have done, that seemed like a form of art by itself.발음듣기

Some of what Steven has been talking about is what's neat about this painting is you can almost imagine the artist's motions as he went around the painting.발음듣기

It seems like there would have been a legitimacy to even having documenting his movements, video-taping him, whatever, pictures, whatever that might be, and even having that part of the piece, or at least context for the piece.발음듣기

[Voiceover] What you're saying is really interesting because there was a big debate among critics of Jackson Pollock at this time, trying to understand really where the art was.발음듣기

There were 2 very well-known critics at this time, Clement Greenberg and Harold Rosenberg.발음듣기

Greenberg, Pollocks work really didn't become art until he picked it up off the floor.발음듣기

Then, it joined in a sense, in its verticality, the history of art.발음듣기

Harold Rosenberg took another position and said, "You know what? When you put it on the wall, it's only a fossil."발음듣기

'"The real art is contained in the action itself in the risk, in the energy, in the dance."발음듣기

[Voiceover] [unintelligible] intermediary stuff was maybe these should be viewed not on the wall, but on the floor.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Well, yeah.발음듣기

It's a great point.발음듣기

Sometimes when I'm in the museum, I have to admit, I sometimes cock my head at the side of the canvas and really try to reimagine what it looked like to Pollock.발음듣기

Because he didn't see it the way that we see it until he hung it on the wall, until he stepped back. (piano playing)발음듣기

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