Dürer, Four Apostles발음듣기
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Dürer, Four Apostles
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[Woman] This is such an interesting painting because it's at this very moment that the Protestant Reformation is taking place and Durer, the artist, converted to Protestantism.발음듣기
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That is, he converted from Catholic, from being a follower of the Pope in Rome to being a follower of Martin Luther.발음듣기
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[Woman] Durer depicted in the foreground the two apostles who were the favorites of Martin Luther, Paul and John.발음듣기
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And he is depicted behind John, the apostle who is most associated with the papacy, with the Pope, Peter.발음듣기
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[Man] He is the one that is holding that large gold key, which is the key to the Kingdom of heaven.발음듣기
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[Woman] Right there we have the Reformation because the Reformation was about Luther's idea that we go back to the Bible, to the original source, to learn about God and how to achieve salvation, not the church and its practices, but the word of God.발음듣기
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[Man] The idea that the average person would have to have heaven unlocked by the papacy was no longer relevant.발음듣기
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[Woman] Exactly. We could have a personal relationship with God by reading the Bible and through prayer.발음듣기
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It was being translated by Luther actually into German. No longer only in Latin, but now in the common languages.발음듣기
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We've already established that the man in back of him older, bald, and holding the key is Saint Peter.발음듣기
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[Woman] Right he was killed by the sword and he held the book because he's also the author of the letters in the New Testament.발음듣기
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[Man] But I want to spend a moment looking at what the artist achieved. What Durer achieved.발음듣기
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[Man] Peter on the other hand is older and he seems to be reading almost over John's shoulder, looking at what John has been showing him, learning.발음듣기
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[Woman] And in fact the Bible is open to a passage that reads, "In the beginning was the Word and the Word was with God, and the Word was God."발음듣기
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So this idea of not looking to the church but of looking to the very word of God, and then on the right two very different personalities.발음듣기
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[Man] Whereas Paul looks as if he has completely come to terms with the danger that he puts himself in.발음듣기
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[Woman] All of these different personalities speak in different ways to this incredible moment of conflict.발음듣기
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People really had to decide which path to take to follow the churches path to salvation or follow the Protestants path to salvation.발음듣기
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[Man] There were also practical considerations because Durer as an artist, by giving up the Catholic faith, was giving up the patronage of the church as well.발음듣기
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[Woman] That's right because one of the things Luther's followers said, and Luther himself, was concerned about was the roll of the image of the church.발음듣기
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So the areas that converted to Protestantism in Europe, the church doesn't commission works of art.발음듣기
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These two paintings were made by Durer on his own and he gave it to the town elders and they were placed in the town hall in Nuremberg.발음듣기
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In those four passages below we have the writings of the four apostles warning of false prophets, warning that human beings could easily go astray, and the importance of listening to the word of God and not to human interpreters.발음듣기
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There is something in that compressed space that these figures occupy that focuses us on that idea of these figures transmitting the word of God.발음듣기
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