Bellini, St. Francis발음듣기
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Bellini, St. Francis
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(music) ("In The Sky With Diamonds" by Scalding Lucy) [Steven] I'm looking at this gorgeous, subtle painting by Giovanni Bellini of the "Ecstasy of Saint Francis", but I'm not seeing the seraphim, I'm not seeing the gold rays, I'm not seeing all of the stage props of divinity that I expect to see.발음듣기
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[Beth] It makes sense that we don't see those things because here we are around 1480, the Italian Renaissance is well under way and the artists of the Renaissance are interested in interpreting moments from the lives of saints or stories from the Bible in fully, naturalistic ways.발음듣기
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So that kind of obvious narrative, where we see the gold rays and we see Saint Francis, so obviously we see the stigmata has been reinterpreted.발음듣기
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In some ways we know what's happening, but in some ways, it's a landscape with a figure in it.발음듣기
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They would have expected these things and they would have been able to, in a sense, imagine them because they have been so trained to see them.발음듣기
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[Beth] And so the seraphim and gold rays coming down, we have a sense of supernatural light coming from the upper left of the painting flooding down onto Saint Francis.발음듣기
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His body is represented in browns and golds, but this sort of rocky ledge where he is, is in shadow, so he seems illuminated, but within this shaded environment.발음듣기
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There is this sense of momentary, even though we might expect to see this rendered as a kind of an eternal moment.발음듣기
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[Beth] We do have a kind of unfolding of time and we have a sense of a real person engaged in real activities in a real landscape.발음듣기
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We see his Bible and we see a skull, a memento mori, a reminder of death and the importance of repentance.발음듣기
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We wonder what's made him rise suddenly, leave his sandals behind, and turn toward the light.발음듣기
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A shepherd in the back might also be paying attention, but then also the sense of life continuing even while this miracle is happening.발음듣기
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That seems so much more possible that this man who had only lived a couple of hundred years earlier could have actually left his desk, turned around and God's presence could have flooded him.발음듣기
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So for instance, you have that sense of the momentary with the sandals left behind, but that also becomes a reference to Moses walking barefoot on the ground before God.발음듣기
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There's a very subtle way that Bellini is able to take this naturalism and actually imbue it with even more symbolism.발음듣기
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This idea of imbuing the natural world is a religious meaning, so you might think of Campin's Merode Altarpiece where the objects on the table or the decorative forms on the furniture also have symbolic meaning.발음듣기
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In Bellini's painting, you can also look up at the grapevine that he's cultivating that refers to the Eucharist, to the wine, to the blood of Christ.발음듣기
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[Steven] I see real parallels to Campin and the Merode Altarpiece, not only in the concentrated symbolism that both artists use, but also in the attention to manufacture.발음듣기
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We can understand the construction, the carpentry, the physicality, that notion of the spiritual overlaying the physical is central.발음듣기
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[Beth] Right, and if you're going to view that, then the physical has to be entirely believable.발음듣기
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The cultivated plants that are near his work and living space were grown in a monastic environment.발음듣기
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The wild plants, everything is painted with enormous amounts of care and clarity so everything's so believable.발음듣기
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[Steven] It's really the beauty of the interrelation between the spiritual and the physical world.발음듣기
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[Beth] We see Francis is only a small part of this whole landscape and townscape in the background that's really unprecedented.발음듣기
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[Steven] This may be the most extensive treatment of landscape in the history of painting to this day.발음듣기
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Think about then again the Altarpiece where we have a whole Flemish city in the background or in the background of the [unintelligible] panels of the Merode Altarpiece.발음듣기
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[Steven] There's something really different here which is that the main figure, the protaganist Saint Francis, has been diminished, or I should say he's enhanced not by his scale, but by his inclusion in this full world.발음듣기
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It's absolutely appropriate to Francis, who is associated with nature, for whom periodic ventures into the wilderness were a part of his life.발음듣기
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And of course, he'll receive the stigmata after taking of the donkey that we see in the middle ground, up to Mount Averno.발음듣기
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[Steven] What an incredible expression of the humanism of the Renaissance itself, that is, our natural world, the one that we inhabit, can potentially ennoble us.발음듣기
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[Beth] I get a real sense of dawn, a strong but subtle early morning light flooding from the left onto that townscape in the background, especially in the hilltown that we see kind of up high amidst those clouds which are also capturing the morning sunlight.발음듣기
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[Beth] And if you look to the very upper left of the brushwork, you can actually see paint that works across the clouds and forms a diagonal line that's very subtle from that light in the upper left towards Saint Francis.발음듣기
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[Steven] That movement from upper left to lower right is continued through a linear perspective; not anything precise because we're in a natural environment, we don't have the right angles of architecture, but if you look, for instance, at orthogonals, those three bars that help to steady the trellis, you can follow those right back to that source of divinity.발음듣기
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The warm light of Francis seems to stand out so strongly to make him such a potent figure in the foreground in comparison to the cool recessive colors that surround him.발음듣기
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It's interesting because those cool colors are what we would expect to see in the background.발음듣기
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He opens his mouth, but there's something about the subject and the miraculousness of what's happening that makes one expect drama and pain, but instead it's all very gentle, subtle and lovely.발음듣기
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More than any Venetian artist of the 15th century, Bellini is able to take the great achievements of central Italy, the Italian Renaissance, and wed them to the innovations of the north.발음듣기
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