Lippi, Portrait of a Man and Woman at a Casement발음듣기
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Lippi, Portrait of a Man and Woman at a Casement
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(music) [Female] This is a really strange painting, I think, with this man sticking his head into this room and this woman taking up this space.발음듣기
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At the time, it was painted around 1440, it was actually very innovative for the Italian Renaissance.발음듣기
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This is exactly the period when portraiture emerged in Italy as its own independent type of painting.발음듣기
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[Male] Well, there were portraits before that but they were usually integrated into larger compositions, like a historical or biblical narrative.발음듣기
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It's around 1440 in Florence and Ferrara and north central Italy that portraiture becomes its own type of painting.발음듣기
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[Male] In a way, this painting is typical of early Renaissance portraiture because we see the main subject, the woman, in profile.발음듣기
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The profile is the standard format because it was part of the revival of Classical antiquity.발음듣기
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Of course many coins and metals had survived from ancient Greece and Rome, and they show people in profile, so that's the format painters and sculptors chose in the beginning.발음듣기
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[Female] There's a kind of formality and seriousness to that pose that I think is important for them, right?발음듣기
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[Male] Absolutely. Since the sitter is represented in profile, not looking out at the viewer, the artists were really limited in terms of how they could represent a person's facial expressions or character, and so the way that was usually done was mostly through symbolism.발음듣기
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Rather than using facial expressions to describe what someone's interior characteristics and personality was like, they would use symbols and iconography.발음듣기
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Like for here, for instance, we see the very pale skin, representative of purity; the very expensive clothing, representative of her wealth.발음듣기
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[Female] And that was considered to be very beautiful to have a very high forehead, wasn't it?발음듣기
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It's also worth noting, in terms of this being a representation of a woman, that this is probably one of the very first Italian Renaissance wedding portraits.발음듣기
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These kinds of portraits were used in arranged marriages for the purpose of introducing the man to his fiancée.발음듣기
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They probably never met before, but her family or his family commissioned Filippo Lippi to paint this portrait of her to show the husband-to-be what she looked like.발음듣기
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[Female] So this is interesting, also, from the point of view of it being a a portrait of a woman, she's very much in an enclosed space where the man is outside of that space.발음듣기
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In a way, she's just another beautiful object like her fancy broach or her fancy clothes that he's looking inside at and appreciating.발음듣기
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[Male] Absolutely. When a woman married a man in the Renaissance, she and all her belongings became the legal property of her husband.발음듣기
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[Female] Let's look at another example of a portrait of a woman, a famous portrait of a woman, from, what, about 50 or 60 years later, in the High Renaissance and Leonardo does something really very different than Frau Filippo Lippi did, because we really see her face here.발음듣기
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This is what we call a three-quarter profile, that's not entirely frontal, but there is a direct engagement.발음듣기
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Rather than sitting there passively not returning the viewer's glance, the Mona Lisa looks us right in the eye and engages with us, almost as an equal rather than a passive object.발음듣기
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Because she looks us right in the face, Leonardo takes the opportunity to suggest what she's like, suggest her personality through her enigmatic facial expression.발음듣기
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Leonardo is giving up, he's not using iconography and symbolism to describe what someone is like, but he's actually representing what someone might be like.발음듣기
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Now, what we should understand is that this painting was probably painted for her husband, and that might explain why she's positioned and looking the way she is.발음듣기
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If you look at the chair, you'll see that she's actually sitting sideways out on a balcony, and yet her face turns toward us.발음듣기
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So maybe the suggestion is that the Mona Lisa was sitting in her chair on the balcony, her husband approaches, and she turns and looks at him, and this is the expression on her face, of recognition and intimacy.발음듣기
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