Marginal utility발음듣기
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Marginal utility
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100% 한국어
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출처 : 칸아카데미
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What I want to do in this video is think about a concept that we've already thought about multiple times in the context of many, many videos.발음듣기
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And this is the idea of utility - utility, which is really just a way of saying how much benefit or satisfaction or value do you get out of getting a good or service.발음듣기
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In the past, when we were measuring benefit or value, we either measured in terms of dollars, where we said, hey, the benefit of getting an incremental Honda Civic was $5,000.발음듣기
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And we talk about the incremental - we're talking about, and we've heard the word many times - we were talking about the marginal benefit.발음듣기
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Or early on, when we talked about the production possibilities frontier and we talked about the marginal benefit of another squirrel, we were talking about it in terms of berries.발음듣기
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We're just going to think of some arbitrary way of measuring utility and then just assign values to.발음듣기
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And then what's the value that we give to the next chocolate bar and then the chocolate bar after that?발음듣기
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And from that, we're going to see if we can build up some of the things that we already know about demand curves and how things relate to price and the price of other goods and things like that.발음듣기
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If I have four chocolate bars, you could say the total utility I'm getting from all four of them.발음듣기
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Or, you could think about marginal utility, the utility I'm getting from the next incremental chocolate bar or the next incremental pound of fruit.발음듣기
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And before I move on, there's one thing - and this was a point of confusion for me when I first learned this - is OK, I'm using the word marginal utility now.발음듣기
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The difference is how the words tend to be used in the context of a traditional microeconomics class.발음듣기
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So when people talk about utility, they tend to measure it in terms of some type of absolute measure that they just came up with.발음듣기
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While when they talk about marginal benefit, they tend to measure it either in dollars or in terms of some other goods.발음듣기
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But in this video, we're going to use the term utility, and we're going to come up with a measuring scale, and it's a somewhat arbitrary one.발음듣기
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And we're going to use that to come up with some conclusions about the basket of goods someone might purchase depending on different prices.발음듣기
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So right here in these little tables here, I've shown the marginal utility of each incremental.발음듣기
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In the case of chocolate bars, each incremental bar, and in the case of fruit, each incremental pound of fruit.발음듣기
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So this is saying that first chocolate bar - obviously, if I have no chocolate bars I'm getting no utility from chocolate bars - and this is saying that that first chocolate bar has a marginal utility.발음듣기
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So for example, if I - let's say this is 100, and if I know that I like fruit - a pound of fruit...발음듣기
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20% more than that first - Or if I like an incremental - my first pound of fruit - 20% more, then I would have to say that the marginal utility of my first pound of fruit is 120.발음듣기
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And if, another way to think about it is, if the marginal utility of the second chocolate bar I get - because I've already enjoyed a little bit of chocolate bar, and I'm a little chocolated out - is 20% less than that, then if this is 100, then this would have to be 80.발음듣기
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What matters is, is that they really just have the same ratios between them that really do reflect my actual preferences.발음듣기
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Then the next chocolate bar after this - now I'm starting to get pretty stuffed, and I'm really chocolated out.발음듣기
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Maybe that sixth chocolate bar, I have to somehow get rid of it somehow, because I'm so tired of chocolate bars.발음듣기
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So I get to 120, you could call it utility points or whatever arbitrary unit you want to call it.발음듣기
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Then my next pound of fruit, once again I'm having diminishing utility, diminishing benefit as I get more and more incremental pounds of fruit.발음듣기
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And to realize what total utility is, if I were to have two pounds of fruit, I would have 120 of utility from that first pound.발음듣기
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And so you would say I had a total utility of 220, you could call them utility units, from both pounds.발음듣기
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You could say, well look, my first pound of fruit I enjoy more, 20% more than my first chocolate bar.발음듣기
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You could also say that my second pound of fruit, I enjoy it or I could derive about the same amount of value as my first chocolate bar.발음듣기
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But this still doesn't give you a lot of information about how you would actually spend your money.발음듣기
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You might say, well, obviously wouldn't you want to just buy fruit over chocolate bars, or at least that first pound of fruit over that first chocolate bar?발음듣기
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Just looking at this alone, we can just make relative judgments about how much we prefer each incremental bar or each incremental pound or them relative to each other.발음듣기
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Let's put some prices on some of these goods and think about how we would actually allocate our dollar given these marginal utility numbers right over here.발음듣기
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And what we're going to think about is we're going to think about marginal utility for that incremental chocolate bar per price of that incremental chocolate bar.발음듣기
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So here, for that first bar, I'm going to be spending $1, and I'm getting 100 marginal utility points, whatever you want to call it.발음듣기
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What is the marginal utility per incremental fruit that I'm getting per dollar, per price, or actually per price of the incremental fruit here?발음듣기
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Well here, that first pound of fruit I'm getting 120 marginal utility points we could call them.발음듣기
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What you really just want to think about, where are you getting the most satisfaction for each dollar?발음듣기
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So once again, I just want to look at all of my options, and we're going to assume that I'm going to spend my $5 on either of these two just to limit our universe.발음듣기
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I could spend my third dollar right over here and get 60 points per dollar, or I could spend it over here and get 60 points per dollar.발음듣기
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I'm going to get the same bang for my buck whether I get another chocolate bar or whether I get another fruit.발음듣기
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So my fourth dollar I could spend on this for half a pound of fruit because it's $2 per pound.발음듣기
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But what was useful about this is it allowed us without thinking about money to say how much do we like these things irrespective of their actual price and then give it a certain price.발음듣기
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