Jamestown - Bacon's Rebellion발음듣기
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Jamestown - Bacon's Rebellion
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[Instructor] So in the last video we were talking about the system of labor in the Chesapeake area surrounding the Chesapeake Bay in the early English colonies in America.발음듣기
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And one thing that seemed a little bit strange there was that even though the first ship with enslaved Africans arrived in Virginia in 1619, slavery wasn't actually the dominant form of labor in Virginia until much later, in the late 1600s.발음듣기
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And these indentured servants would come from England and the planter that they proposed to work for would pay their passage across the Atlantic.발음듣기
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And in exchange the servant would agree to work for that planter for a period of three to seven years.발음듣기
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It's in old-timey writing, so it's a little hard to see but here you can see that there's three years is the amount of time that this person promises.발음듣기
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kind of gives you a good sense of how someone would say, "Alright I'm gonna work for this person for this long, in exchange for my passage, and it's a contract."발음듣기
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And this was a pretty good deal for planters because for every person that they brought over from England.발음듣기
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They got another 50 acres of land meaning that if you had the money to bring over quite a few servants you could expand your landholdings very fast.발음듣기
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And the other good thing about this at least in terms of the planters was that these indentured servants had a pretty high rate of death.발음듣기
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So quite frequently, planters didn't actually have to make good on their promise to set these indentured servants up with some land of their own, some tools to work it because they didn't survive through their indenture.발음듣기
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So if this system of indentured servitude and the headright system that gave planters more land for bringing over more servants was working out.발음듣기
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So well for them why did African slavery become the dominant form of labor in Virginia, starting about 1700?발음듣기
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Now when we think about tobacco cultivation and later, cotton cultivation in the American south before the Civil War what we think of is enslaved African laborers.발음듣기
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And indeed, by the year 1700, about 15% of the population living in Virginia was enslaved Africans going from just a handful at the beginning of the century.발음듣기
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So what caused this incredible transition in not only labor, but also racism to happen in early America?발음듣기
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Well there's one major event that historians tend to point to as a turning point in American slavery.발음듣기
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So to understand Bacon's rebellion we have to backtrack a little bit and talk about the development of political power and tobacco in Virginia.발음듣기
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And this is really important because it is, in effect the first at least semi-democratic form of government in the new world.발음듣기
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In a way, it's kind of like a parliament that was set up for Virginia so that they could debate local issues.발음듣기
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And it's going to be the House of Burgesses and its later House of Delegates that ends up leading the charge for the American Revolution more than a century later than this.발음듣기
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But as we think about the way that political power was distributed in Virginia you can guess who might have a lot of say in the House of Burgesses and these are the tobacco planters.발음듣기
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So the government of Virginia although it is a democracy of these land-owning men is still got most of the power at the very top.발음듣기
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Cause as we talked about in the last video the power system in Virginia looked like a handful of planters at the top a very small number of free white farmers who had their own land.발음듣기
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But nothing like the gigantic tracts of tobacco plantations that the planters had then a whole lot of white indentured servants who have very little political power since they are at basically the mercy of the planters.발음듣기
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And in this time period, white indentured servants and black slaves, black free people, also a tiny number didn't have that much difference when it came to political rights.발음듣기
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In fact, white indentured servants frequently complained that they felt that slaves were treated better than them.발음듣기
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Remember they were worth hundreds of pounds whereas white indentured servants cost just a couple of pounds to come over, frequently died so they were less of an investment than slaves.발음듣기
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Tobacco is a labor-intensive crop, we know but it's also kind of a crop that is extremely hard on the soil.발음듣기
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And when you're coming from the coast here's our Atlantic Ocean over here and this is Virginia and our Jamestown colony along the River James more and more planters.발음듣기
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We have a system that says that if indentured servants finish out the terms of their indenture.발음듣기
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They get land of their own means there is constant pressure to add more and more land so you can farm more and more tobacco.발음듣기
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And it also means that as white settlers continue to move west toward the Appalachian mountains which are over here.발음듣기
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And conflict with Native Americans who are living in between the coast and the Appalachian mountains.발음듣기
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And now it's definitely in the interest of the House of Burgesses, the government here at Jamestown to make sure that there is as little conflict with Native Americans as possible.발음듣기
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And so the House of Burgesses which is now somewhat responsible to the King of England since he acquired it from the Virginia Company as a royal colony in 1624.발음듣기
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And so their governor William Berkeley spelled Berkeley but pronounced Barkley, I don't know why.발음듣기
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He refuses to take on another war of extinction against the Native Americans which makes a lot of white servants and white freeman pretty angry.발음듣기
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It's the late 1600s now and more and more of these indentured servants are living to finish out their terms of indenture.발음듣기
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They have now built up some immunity to these diseases that have killed so many other people in Virginia.발음듣기
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And they're finding it really hard to make a living because the planters don't want to give quite so many rights, quite so many perks to people who live out their indentures.발음듣기
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Remember this was a good deal for planters when these white servants never actually survived to make good on the promises of land.발음듣기
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And now that they are, planters don't want to extend them things like a promise of land because land is already scarce.발음듣기
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So when servants are finishing up their indentures they're finding it difficult to make a living.발음듣기
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They often have to continue to work for the planter they had been indentured to for very small wages they don't have land of their own they can't get started.발음듣기
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And I think if there's anything we've learned from U.S. history it's that you never want a whole lot of unemployed, angry, young men hanging about because young men with a lot of time on their hands get up to trouble.발음듣기
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And one young man in particular was this fellow here, Nathaniel Bacon who was incensed at Governor Berkeley's refusal to take a harsher stance against the Native Americans on the west where all of these white farmers wished that they could settle.발음듣기
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And so he gets up a militia full of young white men and also African American men to actually go after the Native Americans.발음듣기
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So this is a biracial raid force for Native Americans and they raid Native American villages and kill many Native Americans living in the area and Governor Berkeley wants them to stop.발음듣기
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And instead of stopping, they marched to Jamestown the capital of Virginia, and set it on fire.발음듣기
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So this is a group of landless white men landless African American men who have rebelled against the government of Virginia.발음듣기
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And he died of illness like many other Virginians in this time period so the rebellion kind of petered out without his leadership.발음듣기
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But clearly this was a really scary moment for the House of Burgesses and for the leaders and planters in Virginia.발음듣기
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And they started to think alright well maybe this indentured servitude thing isn't working out so well.발음듣기
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Because once these indentures are up we've got this whole set of landless free whites who technically have the rights of Englishmen.발음듣기
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But we have little work for them we have little land for them and it's going to end up with constant rebellion.발음듣기
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And it just so happened that there were many such laborers for sale on the coast of west Africa.발음듣기
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