Ancient Mesopotamia발음듣기
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Ancient Mesopotamia
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And it's no surprise that agriculture first came about around river valleys because the rivers would flood making the soil around them fertile.발음듣기
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And so it's not surprising that our first significant civilizations also emerged where the first agriculture emerged.발음듣기
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And it's called the cradle of civilization is not only is it one of or perhaps the first place that agriculture developed it was at the crossroads of many other early civilizations.발음듣기
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And so it's not surprising that this was a geography that had significant developments in terms of technology, in terms of architecture in terms of religion, in terms of writing.발음듣기
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And Sumeria and Sumerians, it's most associated with this region right over here of, let me circle it this region right over here of southern Mesopotamia.발음듣기
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You can see it on this timeline here in orange and they developed things as basic as the wheel.발음듣기
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This is a picture here of a ziggurat which was at the center of many of these Sumerian and as we'll see Mesopotamian cities.발음듣기
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This would require an incredible amount of labor to produce and at the top of these they had temples to their Gods and their Gods, they had a polytheistic religion and their Gods took human form.발음듣기
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You also have the Egyptian hieroglyphics and written language emerged amongst the Harappans and the Indus Valley civilization and amongst the Chinese but it was one of the first languages.발음듣기
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Now, when you talk about Mesopotamia you'll talk about Sumerians but we'll also talk about other civilizations that emerge.발음듣기
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You'll also hear something called Akkadian and as we'll see, Akkadian is both a language and an empire that will emerge.발음듣기
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In Mesopotamia over the roughly 3,000 years BCE the two primary languages are Akkadian which is considered a Semitic language.발음듣기
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And the reason why they're called Semitic is because they're spoken or they're reported to be spoken by the descendants of Shem, who was Noah's son in the Hebrew bible.발음듣기
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So, you have the language Akkadian, which is Semitic and then you have the other language, which is Sumerian.발음듣기
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And as we get into the third millennium BCE the Sumerians start to have a lot of interaction with Akkadian speaking people.발음듣기
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And we believe the first empire, true empire perhaps the first empire in the world emerged from Acadia and it was called the Akkadian Empire.발음듣기
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We believe that the town of Akkad which the Akkadian Empire is named for some place in this region right over here.발음듣기
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And the first significant ruler who really spread that empire was Sargon often referred to as Sargon the Great.발음듣기
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And you can see, you can see that that would have been established around the middle of the 23rd, or actually the 24th century BCE.발음듣기
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So around 2350, you have Sargon establishing what might be the first Dynastic empire in the world the Akkadian Empire.발음듣기
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And he was able to take control of both northern and southern Mesopotamia so even the Sumerians were under the control of the Akkadians.발음듣기
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As we'll see over time you have a lot of mixing between the Akkadian language the Sumerian language.발음듣기
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Akkadian gets written in the Cuneiform script and starting at around this period Sumerian starts to die as a spoken language and Akkadian really becomes dominant.발음듣기
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Now, the Akkadians rule for a little over 100 years and then you have several other empires.발음듣기
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The way I have structured this timeline is this top line right over here is southern Mesopotamia.발음듣기
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And this bottom line right over here is northern Mesopotamia so this orange shows you where the Sumerians were reigning.발음듣기
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This bottom line here, you can see the Akkadian speakers but they were fragmented until you have Sargon the great establishing the Akkadian Empire.발음듣기
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Now, you briefly then have a short-term neo-Sumerian empire but the next significant empire that's often talked about when associated with Mesopotamia is the Babylonian Empire.발음듣기
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So Babylon, the Babylonian Empire was centered at Babylon, right over here and it really became a significant empire under the ruler Hammurabi.발음듣기
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And the light brown is what he was able to spread it to so once again, both north and south.발음듣기
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And it was based on things that the Sumerians had before but they've even influenced things like biblical laws things that come down to modern codes of law today.발음듣기
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Now, after the Babylonians the other significant empire that would have control over significant portions of Mesopotamia is the Assyrian Empire.발음듣기
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And the Assyrian Empire is named for their I guess you could say their home base, the town of Assur.발음듣기
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So at this point now and as we get into the later Assyrian period we'll start to have Aramaic be a more significant language another Semitic language.발음듣기
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But as you can see here the Assyrian Empire at its peak controlled much of the modern day Middle East.발음듣기
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Probably the most famous ruler of the Neobabylonian Empire was Nebuchadnezzar II from the Hebrew bible famous for taking the early Jewish people captive the famous Babylonian captivity.발음듣기
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But eventually they would be overthrown and they would be overthrown in the sixth century BCE by the Persians and Cyrus the Great and that'll actually be the end of the Babylonian captivity according to biblical accounts.발음듣기
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But the big picture is that Mesopotamia is called the cradle of civilization for a good reason.발음듣기
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Not only do we have these technological and architectural advancements their religion, their writing has influenced civilization since, for the last five, six, 7,000 years.발음듣기
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