Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire발음듣기
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Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid Empire
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[Instructor] As we enter into the sixth century BCE, the dominant power in the region that we now refer to as Iran, it was the Median Empire.발음듣기
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And so, right over here on this map it's called Persis, but that region is called Pars or Fars.발음듣기
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And, in 550/549 BCE, he's able to overthrow the Median emperor, who happens to be his grandfather and then he establishes what history views as the first real Persian empire.발음듣기
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And the whole reason why we even call it a Persian empire is because Cyrus the Great was from Pars.발음듣기
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Persian is really referring to the idea that the ruler, the dynasty that gets established was coming from Pars.발음듣기
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It turns out, and I talk about in other videos the Persians did not refer to themselves as Persians.발음듣기
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In a lot of ways, Eran or Iran or Arianum of Asia these types of words are more accurate for how the Persians viewed themselves.발음듣기
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But, needless to say, in 549, Cyrus the Great is able to conquer the Median Empire and he keeps going.발음듣기
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And you might wonder why is it called the Achaemenid Dynasty instead of, say, the Cyrus Dynasty?발음듣기
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Achaemenes is this semi-legendary patriarch of it that lived 100, 150 years before Cyrus the Great.발음듣기
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So, he conquers the Median Empire then he goes on to conquer several of the major empires of that time.발음듣기
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He conquers the Lydian Empire, right over there which is on the western half of the Anatolian Peninsula in modern day Turkey.발음듣기
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Because, when he takes Babylon he frees the Jews from the Babylonian captivity and he resettles them in Jerusalem.발음듣기
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And he works with them to rebuild the city of Jerusalem and, especially, Solomon's Temple which is now called the Second Temple on the Temple Mount.발음듣기
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And I made this timeline, really to help myself understand the various shahanshahs or king of kings of Iran.발음듣기
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So, you see from 550/549 all the way up to 530, I have it yellow and that's cause Cyrus the Great was in charge of what is called the Achaemenid Empire or, I guess you could say, this first great Persian empire.발음듣기
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What I have down here is the best information I could find on the lifespans of these people.발음듣기
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And, when I have these dotted lines at the beginning that's when it's unclear when these people were born.발음듣기
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Similarly, we don't know exactly when Cambyses II was born but we do know that he took control in 530 BCE.발음듣기
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Egypt becomes part of the Persian Empire because of Cambyses but you can imagine with the shahanshah, the king of kings off and doing conquest in Egypt it leaves a little power vacuum back in the center of the empire.발음듣기
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And then, there's this other character known as Darius soon to be known as Darius the Great.발음듣기
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So, while Cambyses is out here in Egypt leaving that power vacuum someone who claims to be Bardiya takes control of the empire or is trying to take control of the empire.발음듣기
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This is really the other son of Cyrus the Great and so there would be some legitimate claim to the throne but there's other claims, especially the ones that Darius was later able to spread that, no, this was not the real Bardiya.발음듣기
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That the real Bardiya had actually been killed by Cambyses II before and that this person proposing to be Bardiya was this fake usurper this Zoroastrian priest named Gaumata.발음듣기
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He's trying to come back in order to reclaim the throne or in order to get rid of this usurper whether it was the real Bardiya or not.발음듣기
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He obviously has claims to it while Cambyses is there but, once Cambyses dies, he is the shaanshah.발음듣기
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Herodotus has a fairly dubious account of how Darius was able to convince the other noble people why he should be the shahanshah, the emperor.발음듣기
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And he's known as Darius the Great because he continues to spread continues to conquer more and more for the Persian Empire.발음듣기
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And, based on the accounts that I've seen that's almost half of the world population at that time.발음듣기
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No empire in history, as far as we can tell has ever had such a large fraction of the world's population under its control.발음듣기
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And so, that gives you a sense of, I guess you could say how great or how large an empire this was.발음듣기
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Now Darius the Great, he is also famous especially from a Greek perspective for going after the Greeks.발음듣기
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But, it's worth noting, a lot of this history that we get especially of Cyrus the Great and the early Persian shahanshas the history we get is from the Greeks.발음듣기
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So, it's worth taking it with a great grain of salt because, as you can see, they were rivals.발음듣기
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And to say rivals is a little bit unfair to the Persians because the Greeks were more of a thorn in the side of a large empire.발음듣기
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So, the Greeks were more of a thorn in the side but we get our history from them or a lot of our history from them.발음듣기
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There's one thing that you see over 200 years of Achaemenid rule is that most people, after Darius the Great are named either Xerxes, Artaxerxes, Darius II, III, IV, or Darius II or III, at least, not fourth.발음듣기
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But the reason why I even did this for myself to see when all these people lived and when they ruled is to have a good sense of what was going on and how Darius II lived at a different time than, for example, Darius I, or Darius the Great.발음듣기
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The other thing worth mentioning, cause you'll hear this in various history classes when you talk about the Persian Empire is the great cities of the Persian Empire.발음듣기
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Susa is one end of the great royal highway that goes from Sardis all the way to Susa right over there.발음듣기
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Now, the end of the Achaemenid Dynasty comes when that famous thorn in the side, Greece actually unifies under Philip of Macedon.발음듣기
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But most of the Persian Empire goes under the control of Seleucus who's one of Alexander's generals and then you have the Seleucid Empire which is really foreign rule of Persia.발음듣기
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Until, eventually, the Parthians which is, once again, another state or region of the Persian Empire takes control to establish the Parthian Empire which is one of the rivals to Rome.발음듣기
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It's worth mentioning and I mention this in the video on ancient Persia that, under Persian rule, and Cyrus and the various shahanshahs were famous for delegating their authority.발음듣기
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Oh, and the other thing that Cyrus the Great is really known for is the spread of the Zoroastrian faith.발음듣기
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And Zarathustra, who is kind of the prophet of the Zoroastrian faith he lived someplace between 1500 BCE and might have even lived shortly right before almost near the time of Cyrus the Great.발음듣기
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