Ides of March spark a civil war발음듣기
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Ides of March spark a civil war
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[Narrator] We finished the last video with the assassination of Julius Caesar on the Ides of March, March 15th, 44 BCE.발음듣기
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And you might remember it was done by factions opposed to Julius Caesar who that one, he had gotten too much power.발음듣기
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But even more, he was using that power to, in a lot of ways at least from their point of view undermine their authority, that he was a populist and as a populist he was undermining the power of the aristocracy.발음듣기
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You might remember Mark Antony from the previous video one of Julius Caesar's generals in Gaul.발음듣기
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He was also put in charge of the Italian Peninsula when Julius Caesar went to go and take on his opponents take on Pompey in Greece.발음듣기
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In particular, you have Brutus and Cassius, who were considered two of the leaders of the conspiracy, and he decides instead of putting the Senate into further turmoil he tries to have a little bit of a compromise and doesn't immediately punish them.발음듣기
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And they're able to go from Rome and then go to the East where they are the de facto leaders of the eastern provinces.발음듣기
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Julius Caesar in his will, he declares that his nephew Octavian, or will be shortly known as Octavian who's 18 years old at the time of the death on the Ides of March, that he is in his will, should be his adopted son and so makes him the natural heir of Julius Caesar.발음듣기
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Now, Antony, who's also one of Julius Caesar's right hand men throughout and is one of his strong supporters as he came to power he also, in a lot of ways, could've claimed, "Well, I have some rights here to some of the power that Julius Caesar has gotten,"발음듣기
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This is Mark Antony, this is Octavian, and this is Lepidus and Lepidus was also a significant supporter of Julius Caesar.발음듣기
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So the three of them get together and this is Lepidus's timeline right over here each of these timelines show the lifespans of these characters, so you can see when they were born and when they died.발음듣기
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And so these three characters get together and they form a triumvirate, and this triumvirate is called the Second Triumvirate, cause you might've remembered the First Triumvirate between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus and that was an informal agreement.발음듣기
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This one actually gets legal backing and not only do they form this triumvirate but they're given incredibly powerful power over the Roman Republic.발음듣기
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So in 68, sorry, (laughs) so in 42, I don't know what my brain is doing in 43, the triumvirate is formed.발음듣기
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And so in 42, they eventually are able to meet the conspirators who killed Julius Caesar and they meet them at the Battle of Philippi which is right over.발음듣기
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Let me do this in a color you can see the Battle of Philippi, where they're able to defeat the conspirators.발음듣기
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So after the defeat of the conspirators they essentially divide the republic although it really is an empire they divide the republic between them.발음듣기
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Mark Antony becomes the de facto ruler of the East and then he actually is the nominal ruler over Gaul as well but then he put someone else in charge there.발음듣기
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And as we'll see over the course of this 17, this tumultuous 17 year period, Mark Antony really has a lot of his control and influence in the East.발음듣기
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And right at that split Octavian doesn't get so much of the empire but we'll see that'll change shortly where he's able to be in control of the western half of the empire in a matter of a few years.발음듣기
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So after that, then in 41, and this is where Cleopatra enters into the picture and she always makes this a little bit more colorful Mark Antony decides that he wants to meet with Cleopatra.발음듣기
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Then he moves where he governs from to Ephesus and he calls Cleopatra, and he already knows her he's met her several times, to come meet him here in Tarsus.발음듣기
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And here in Tarsus, and then they go back to Alexandria a romance starts between Mark Antony and Cleopatra one of the most famous romances in all of history.발음듣기
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Remember, this is the same Cleopatra who had a romance and a child likely through Julius Caesar.발음듣기
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And Mark Antony and Cleopatra will actually have three children together and two of which were conceived in this time period right over here, this period around 41 BCE.발음듣기
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This is another very significant you really could consider them a peer empire to the Romans.발음듣기
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On this map, you're only seeing the very left or the most westward tip of the Parthian Empire.발음듣기
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They had control of when you remember the Achaemenid Empire the Seleucid Empire, of most of Persia.발음듣기
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He went and, while fighting the Parthians that's where he was killed and so the Romans had had some interest in going after them and now you have the Parthians who are taking it to the Romans.발음듣기
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So Antony, he goes from, when he finds out about this and he's apparently in charge of the East so it's a bit of an embarrassment for him he goes to Tyre, which is the remaining significant holding that the Romans have.발음듣기
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While he's in Tyre, he finds out that his wife he does have a wife, so this thing that he has with Cleopatra is really an affair his wife is embroiled in a civil war with Octavian.발음듣기
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And the civil war, and you'll see there's this general issue throughout especially the later stages of the Roman Republic and even the Roman Empire, that as Rome expands it needs these armies.발음듣기
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Hey, after you serve, when you're a veteran, we're gonna give you some land so you can be a nice farmer or at least landlord, other people might do the farming, and you can have slaves and all the rest.발음듣기
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So Octavian, in order to make some of these veterans happy was giving away land, some of which was already I guess you could say owned, by existing Romans.발음듣기
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And just to be clear, even though there was this triumvirate between Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus things were tense from the beginning between Antony and Octavian.발음듣기
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Antony says, "Hey, this young little 18 year old upstart, what has he done to deserve this empire?발음듣기
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So he decides to go and lay siege to Brundisium in order to defend his wife even though he obviously didn't care too much about his wife's honor.발음듣기
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Octavian and Antony decide, "Okay, okay. Maybe we should not be fighting each other so much."발음듣기
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And so they decide once again to be friends and then they really at that point decide to split the empire more formally between East and West, where, in the triumvirate you have Mark Antony still getting the East.발음듣기
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You have Octavian being in control of the West including the Italian Peninsula and then Lepidus gets Africa.발음듣기
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There's a little moment of it looks like a little bit of peace between Mark Antony and Octavian.발음듣기
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The big picture from here is that they were able to take care of the conspirators but now they're starting to squabble.발음듣기
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At the same time, and remember, Cleopatra she's considered the richest woman in the world at this time.발음듣기
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And remember, Egypt, even though the people were Egyptian Cleopatra is part of the Ptolemaic Dynasty.발음듣기
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She is Greek, but what makes her interesting is that she takes on a lot of the trappings and she learns to speak Egyptian.발음듣기
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These Parthians have just laid another insult on the Romans right over here when they invaded Syria and are able to take over this territory.발음듣기
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