The Fall of Empires발음듣기
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The Fall of Empires
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[Sal] And for those of you who don't know Steve Schroeder he is a World History Fellow here at Khan Academy and also a former World History teacher.발음듣기
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[Steve] So what we want to do here is use this big ideas these big factors that are somewhat common across empires to sort of understand how specific empires fell.발음듣기
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And I guess the obvious thing about Achaemenid Persia it gets taken over by Alexander the Great.발음듣기
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So, outside of invasion, if we go through the rest of this list, it clearly was a large empire so maybe there was an element of over expansion.발음듣기
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[Steve] Yeah, and on top of that we might throw in economics as well because as Alexander conquers bits and pieces of the empire he's also depriving them of the resources that those areas would provide.발음듣기
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Once again, a significant empire lasts definitely over 100 years and it's actually the largest unified empire over the Indian subcontinent.발음듣기
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And it starts with three fairly strong rulers and it's known, especially with Ashoka the Great for spreading of the Buddhist religion.발음듣기
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You mentioned that Ashoka worked really hard to spread Buddhism and he did follow that in some of his policies which led to some tension between some of the Hindu population in the empire.발음듣기
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[Steve] Right. So I think we want to start looking at the fall of Han China from the lens of the Yellow Turban Rebellion.발음듣기
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And that is partly a religious movement and it also is partly sparked by environmental factors leading to food shortages.발음듣기
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And there's a lot of internal migration to look for better jobs within Han China because of this.발음듣기
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There was a lot of dissatisfaction with the Han emperor and how he was sort of dealing with some of these problems.발음듣기
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And over time, efforts to defeat the rebellion led to regional warlords gaining more power and then they eventually carve out their own kingdoms from the Han domain.발음듣기
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[Sal] Okay. And then, overlapping in time with Han China we of course have the famous Roman Empire.발음듣기
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And on my timeline here, this first section is the Roman kingdom, then Roman republic and then you have the formal Roman empire that collapses at the end of the fifth century.발음듣기
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In the Western Roman empire is collapsed the Byzantine empire, the Eastern Roman empire continues on for roughly a thousand years more.발음듣기
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There's a formal political division that's gonna weaken both halves of the empire in terms of the resources available.발음듣기
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We have Christianity being declared the official religion of the Roman empire at this time and that leads to internal conflicts between those who are Christians and those who are not.발음듣기
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You have famously the Huns migrating into Eastern Europe and then putting pressure on the Germanic tribes to oftentimes come into the Roman empire, but that led to...발음듣기
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[Sal] And I would throw in economy since the Roman empire, in its expansionary period was constantly getting new territory which would add tax revenues to Rome's coffers.발음듣기
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Once you get into the third, fourth century CE that expansion starts to stop and so it stops that ever-growing pile of money and ever-growing pile of labor.발음듣기
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Empires are these very complicated things but there are these general themes and as a student, it's valuable to think about them in a framework something like this.발음듣기
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They're a good starting point when you start thinking about those questions of why did this particular empire fall?발음듣기
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