Sunni and Shia Islam part 2

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Sunni and Shia Islam part 2발음듣기

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[Instructor] Where we left off in the last video we were in the year 656, and the third caliph Uthman or Usman is assassinated and Ali is chosen to be caliph.발음듣기

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And remember, Shias believe that Ali should have been caliph immediately after the death of Mohammed and they cite the events of Ghadir Khumm as evidence that that is what Mohammed intended.발음듣기

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But Ali becomes caliph in 656, but this sparks what is called the First Fitnah or the first Muslim civil war.발음듣기

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Because Uthman has a fellow member of the Umayyad clan the Umayyad clan.발음듣기

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They're also Quraysh just like Mohammed's clan.발음듣기

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The Hashem are also Quraysh and Uthman's family member.발음듣기

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Muawiya was has-been governor of Damascus since the time of the caliph Umar.발음듣기

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And when Uthman is assassinated Muawiya is not happy, and when Ali comes to power he thinks that Ali is not making a solid effort to put the assassins to justice.발음듣기

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And he refuses to pledge his allegiance to Ali as the caliph.발음듣기

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Now the other context here is that Muawiya has already built a significant military force.발음듣기

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And that force is becoming stronger and stronger and stronger and so this leads to a lot of tension.발음듣기

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Muawiya wants Ali to bring the assassins of Uthman to justice, and Ali wants Muawiya to pledge allegiance to him, who is now caliph.발음듣기

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Now just for a little bit extra context Ali also decides to move the capitol of the caliphate to Kufa, which is in modern day Iraq.발음듣기

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Now things are getting increasingly tense and this is where we have Aisha entering into the picture.발음듣기

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And we talk about Aisha in the previous video, she is one of Mohammed's wives married at a very young age, and she is considered a very strong figure in early Islam.발음듣기

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So she leads a delegation, really an army in order to convince Ali to bring the assassins of Uthman to justice.발음듣기

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The meet in Basra, once again in modern day Iraq and while they're talking about, or negotiating what Ali needs to do.발음듣기

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Some of Ali's followers as the narrative goes, were a little bit more extreme and really didn't want a peace brokered between Muawiya and Ali.발음듣기

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And so they attack and that's what leads to what is known as the Battle of the Camel, which is depicted here named after Aisha's camel and it becomes a very bloody battle.발음듣기

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Aisha is really one of the leaders in this battle.발음듣기

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Once again, you can imagine, a very strong figure in early Islam.발음듣기

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But Ali's forces are victorious and they send Aisha back home and then she goes into something of a political retirement and it is somewhat inconclusive.발음듣기

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But then that leads later on to what is known as the Battle of Safin, the Battle of the Camel was in 656, the Battle of Safin is in 657.발음듣기

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And in this situation, you once again have a delegation, or really an army on the side of Ali meeting an army directly now with Muawiya at Safin.발음듣기

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And once again, they are not fighting for roughly 100 days, they want to negotiate something.발음듣기

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But some of the more ardent followers of Ali don't want any form of peace with Muawiya so they attack Muawiya's army and you have a very bloody battle that ensues.발음듣기

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Now both sides don't want all of this bloodshed in this burgeoning Muslim community so they decide to let it be decided to arbitration.발음듣기

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Now the arbitration, according to the accounts that I've looked at, say that they decided that neither Ali or Muawiya should be caliph and that it should be an election from the Muslim community.발음듣기

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Now Ali refuses this, and what's interesting about this is the accounts.발음듣기

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I've seen is that those same zealous folks who you could say instigated the Battle of Safin and the Battle of the Camel during this Muslim civil war.발음듣기

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They're no longer trusting Ali that he can protect them that he is the strong leader they need and so they are the ones that then decide to assassinate, and are successful in assassinating Ali.발음듣기

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So after the assassination of Ali, his son, Hassan comes to power, officially as the caliph based in Kufa.발음듣기

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But remember, you have this very powerful leader in Muawiya with a very significant military leading or in control of the Levant and the governor of Syria.발음듣기

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And so they enter into a treaty clearly Hassan sees the writing on the wall he can't really fight Muawiya by force.발음듣기

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He really doesn't have strong control really much further than this region around Kufa.발음듣기

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So he gets into a treaty with Muawiya where he gives control of the caliphate to Muawiya and according to that treaty.발음듣기

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Ss long as Muawiya allows the next caliph after his death to be based on some form of an election, let the Islamic world choose the successor afterwards.발음듣기

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But then later Hassan, he goes into something of a retirement.발음듣기

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He dies in his mid 40s and some accounts say that he was assassinated poisoned by his wife, maybe due to the Umayyads who didn't want him around, and then in 680, Muawiya dies.발음듣기

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Now according to the treaty between Muawiya and Hassan it should have been some form of an election there but Muawiya says, or before his death he makes Yazid the successor.발음듣기

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And so Hussein, who is another son of Ali Hassan's younger brother, and by this point Hassan is dead he says hey, this is a breach of the treaty and does not pledge his allegiance to Yazid.발음듣기

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But there is a group in Kufa who say hey we will support you, and so Hussein goes to Kufa but on the way there.발음듣기

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And he is with his family when Yazid catches wind of this he sends an army to stop them.발음듣기

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And Yazid's interest is essentially to eliminate Hussein and his family so that you don't have any other legitimate claimants to the caliphate, especially because, remember Hussein is a living descendant of Mohammed.발음듣기

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And so you then have this event where Yazid's forces intercept Hussein's caravan in Karbala and this is known in the Shia tradition as the Tragedy of Karbala, because at Karbala you have Hussein's family gets massacred.발음듣기

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There is an account that his six month old son is beheaded and killed along with Hussein.발음듣기

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And so this becomes he defining event of the Shia tradition the tragedy of Karbala.발음듣기

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We've already taught their belief that Ali should have been the caliph from the beginning.발음듣기

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But now you have Yazid propertied caliph, who murders, who kills off according to Shia tradition a significant member of Mohammed's family and does this in bloody, bloody fashion.발음듣기

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And so even to this day, a significant part of the Shia tradition is mourning what happens at the Battle of Karbala.발음듣기

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And this is not a part of the Sunni tradition, the Sunni tradition views this as a tragedy.발음듣기

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As an unfortunate event but they do not view this as a significant part of their theology.발음듣기

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And also as part of Shia tradition and theology.발음듣기

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Battle of Karbala is the determining event the thing that Shias mourn in their religious faith and they also believe that the leadership of the community should be by imams who are descendant of Mohammed which is not believed by the Sunnis.발음듣기

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