Golden age of Islam발음듣기
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Golden age of Islam
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[Instructor] In other videos we talk about the rapid spread of Islam, and one of the interesting things about these early Islamic empires is they preserved much of what they inherited from the Byzantine and the Persian empires.발음듣기
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And they also began to collect the knowledge from within the empire and from the peoples that they encountered on the borders of the empire including the Indians, and the Chinese.발음듣기
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Now the Abbasid Caliphate, one of the first things they did under the Caliph al-Mansur is build Baghdad and move the capital of the empire to Baghdad.발음듣기
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Now one of al-Mansur's successors al-Rashid, is famous for making Baghdad a center of learning.발음듣기
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According to the historian John William Draper this is a sense of what life was like under al-Rashid's rule.발음듣기
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During the period of the Caliphs the learned men of the Christians and the Jews were not only held in great esteem.발음듣기
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But were appointed to posts of great responsibilities and were promoted to the higher ranking jobs in the government.발음듣기
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He, Caliph Haroon Rasheed, never considered to which country alerted person belonged nor his faith in belief but only his excellence in the field of learning.발음듣기
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And to get a sense of how much learning and how advanced the knowledge began to be especially under the ruler ship of al-Rashid, during this time he was a contemporary of Charlemagne who was the Frankish king.발음듣기
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And they were trading gifts and this is a historical account Haroon al-Rashid sends Charlemagne this water clock.발음듣기
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And it's so foreign to the Francs to Charlemagne, that he thinks that it's it must be some type of magic.발음듣기
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And then things really get invested in terms of collecting knowledge as we get into the rule of al-Rashid's son al-Ma'mun where he creates in Baghdad what is called The House of Wisdom.발음듣기
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Which is this center of learning of mathematics, astronomy, physics medicine, geography, and map making poetry, philosophy.발음듣기
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And, over the next several hundred years these Abbasid Caliphs are going to sponsor scholars from India learn it in Sanskrit and the ancient Sanskrit text in Greek, Chinese, Persian to translate as much of the knowledge and to collect it in libraries in cities, like Baghdad.발음듣기
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And just to get a sense of the type of advances that occurred during this golden age of Islam which correlates strongly, or is essentially during the Abbasid dynasty and it ends with the Mongol invasion in the middle of the 13th century right over here.발음듣기
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The word algebra that we now have today the subject you can learn a lot about on (mumbling) Academy it comes from the Arabic word al-jabr.발음듣기
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And his book al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala which literally means, and those of you who might speak Arabic, or Persian, or even Hindi or who might recognize Kitab as book.발음듣기
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And al-jabr is an operation of completion and it's essentially it's one of the operations we now do in algebra where you're doing the same thing to both sides of the equation Balancing is also a very similar operation.발음듣기
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Famously Pope Sylvester the second he was educated in Catalonia with the point of acquiring knowledge that was gained from the Arabs.발음듣기
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It was not the Abbasids it was actually the remnants of the Umayyads who were in control of Spain at the time.발음듣기
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And Pope Sylvester, who got his education there he's the one that is often given credit for being one of the first to introduce the decimal numeral system.발음듣기
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This Hindu Arabic decimal system that we now use for our numeric system as opposed to something like Roman Numerals.발음듣기
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Well another very interesting thing is not only the word algebra comes from al-jabr but the word algorithm is literally comes from his name.발음듣기
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So other significant contributors to the science of all of human civilization are people like al-Marwari.발음듣기
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And he, if you've ever taken trigonometry or if you're about to take trigonometry he is accredited with coming up with the core trigonometric functions.발음듣기
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Tangent and cotangent it might have been Marwari or it might have been another mathematician named al-Buzjani who came a little bit after, or a lot depending on a human scale but was also based in Baghdad.발음듣기
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They weren't contemporaries of each other but they both made significant contributions to what we now call trigonometry.발음듣기
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And he is credited as getting one of the more sophisticated views of how light and vision works.발음듣기
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From each point of every color body illuminated by any light issue light and color along every straight line that can be drawn from that point.발음듣기
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And he's also credited with using and understanding the scientific method several hundred years before the Renaissance in Europe.발음듣기
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If learning the truth is his goal is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads and attack it from every side.발음듣기
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He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency.발음듣기
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And now another very famous poet philosopher mathematician poly math of the time was Omar Khayyam.발음듣기
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And just to get a sense of his poetry, or a sense of the (mumbling) in general, which I encourage you to look up and read.발음듣기
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So as you can imagine, this Islamic world these empires between the eighth and 13th centuries.발음듣기
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It was actually a very powerful bridge of human knowledge taking knowledge from the Indians, the Chinese the Ancient Greeks, and providing a bridge during the Dark Ages in Europe.발음듣기
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And he wrote During all the first part of the Middle Ages no other people made as important a contribution to human progress as did the Arabs.발음듣기
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If we take this term to mean all those whose mother tongue was Arabic and not merely those living in the Arabian peninsula.발음듣기
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For centuries, Arabic was a language of learning culture, and intellectual progress for the whole of the civilized world with the exception of the Far East.발음듣기
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From the ninth to the 12th century, there were more philosophical medical historical religious astronomical and geographical works written in Arabic than in any other human tongue.발음듣기
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And we also have a frame, a point of view from Bertrand Russell in his History of Western Philosophy who wrote Our use of the phrase the Dark Ages to cover the period from 699 to 1000 marks our undue concentration on Western Europe.발음듣기
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In China, this period includes the time of the Tang dynasty, the greatest age of Chinese poetry.발음듣기
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What was lost to Christendom at this time was not lost to civilization, but quite the contrary.발음듣기
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