An overview of the Crusades (part 2)발음듣기
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An overview of the Crusades (part 2)
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[Instructor] Where we left off in the last video we had seen what would eventually be called The First Crusades and it was, from a European point of view seemed successful.발음듣기
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The Byzantine Empire was able to take back a significant chunk of the Anatolian Peninsula from the Seljuk Turks, who were also Muslim and over the next few decades this European rule over the Holy Land only gets consolidated.발음듣기
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This is a zoomed in version of what it looked like and you can see these Crusader states that were set up.발음듣기
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Or these Crusader kingdoms and, as I pointed out in the last video even though the Crusades were apparently to help the Byzantines reclaim land.발음듣기
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As you can see when the Crusaders took the Holy Land they, for the most part, kept it for themselves and sat up these kingdoms.발음듣기
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Now, as we fast forward a little over a decade as we get to the middle of the 12th century you do have the Muslims being able to take back some of the territory.발음듣기
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In particular, Edessa and Aleppo and so this spawns what will eventually be known as the Second Crusade, and it's really the second of many crusades.발음듣기
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Now, these are what historians consider the official numbered crusades, but there were many other crusades in this time period, in roughly this 200 year time period during the High Middle Ages.발음듣기
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You had crusades in Spain in order to retake land from the Muslims, which they had for several hundred years what's known as the Reconquista.발음듣기
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So, after Aleppo and Edessa were taken you have the Second Crusades, which end up being quite unsuccessful.발음듣기
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And it really doesn't change what the Middle East looks like but then, as you get to the end of the 12 century you have a significant event.발음듣기
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In 1187, you have the Sultan Salah ad-Din often known as Saladin, being able to retake Jerusalem and much of the Holy Land.발음듣기
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Remember, this is after roughly 90 years of rule of Jerusalem by the Western Europeans by these Crusader kingdoms so this really strikes a chord with the west.발음듣기
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This is very dispiriting for his soldiers so many of them turn around but Philip the Second and Richard the Lionheart are able to engage with Salah ad-Din and they are able to gain some land.발음듣기
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In particular, the region around Acre and they're able to get some concessions from Salah ad-Din for unarmed Christian pilgrims to visit the Holy Land especially Jerusalem.발음듣기
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So in the beginning of the 13th century the Fourth Crusades get launched and these are interesting.발음듣기
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Because the Crusaders with the help of Venetian traders they actually engage with the claimant to the throne of the Byzantine Empire, with the hope that if they can help them come back to the throne then they can provide them the necessary resources in order to continue on with the Crusades.발음듣기
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Well, they are able to put the claimant on the throne but then an uprising takes that claimant down from the throne.발음듣기
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And so the Crusaders don't get their payment but they want that payment badly and so, they decide to take Constantinople themselves.발음듣기
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And as we mention in other videos this is really the dagger in the heart between the relationship between the East and the West.발음듣기
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We already talked about the Great Schism of 1054, but now, you have the West, who are followers of the Latin Church, which eventually gets known as the Roman Catholic Church.발음듣기
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They are sacking Constantinople the capital of the Byzantine, or the Eastern Roman Empire the most important city in Eastern Christendom.발음듣기
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And once they successfully sack the city in bloody fashion they break up the Byzantine Empire amongst themselves and you can see how they break it up.발음듣기
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So, the Fourth Crusade had very little effect on the actual Holy Land but it does cause a temporary end to the Byzantine Empire.발음듣기
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Constantinople is retaken by the Byzantines but once again, this is the beginning of the end of the Byzantine Empire.발음듣기
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The fact that for half a century it was taken over by the West so you can imagine, with Jerusalem still in the hands of the Muslims, many in the West are not satisfied and in 1212, an interesting event may have occurred.발음듣기
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The stories of the Children Crusade are that a child, and there's different accounts as to exactly the story.발음듣기
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But something to the effect that Jesus has told them to go with other pure children to the Holy Land and convert the Muslims to Christianity.발음듣기
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And so then, they go on this march and there's tens of thousands of children but they don't make it to the Holy Land.발음듣기
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That's why I put these question marks next to the Children's Crusade but regardless of the actual facts here as we go into the first quarter of the 13th century Jerusalem remains in the hands of the Muslims.발음듣기
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Eventually, a Sixth Crusade is launched and this is reasonably successful at retaking some land in the Holy Land but shortly thereafter.발음듣기
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You have a non-numbered crusade the Barrens Crusade, that rivals the First Crusade in its success in taking territory.발음듣기
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And so you can see, after the Barrens Crusade right over here, they're able to take back a good amount of territory.발음듣기
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But then, in 1244, Jerusalem is retaken by the Muslims and then you have the Seventh and Eighth and Ninth Crusades afterwards.발음듣기
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And you have these other efforts that are sometimes called Crusades but for the most part, these are unsuccessful and as we get into the end of the 13th and early 14th centuries, the Holy Land falls back under Muslim control.발음듣기
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This is a map of the region as we enter into the 14th century and you can see that the Muslims have retaken not just the Holy Land.발음듣기
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But most of the Anatolian Peninsula with only Constantinople being in control of the Byzantines and that lasts until 1453, when the Turks finally take Constantinople as well.발음듣기
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When you look at the map at the beginning of this video and look at the map here, you can see that the Crusades weren't really successful at changing the picture in the Holy Land.발음듣기
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There were areas where the Crusades were successful or that Crusader mentality was successful.발음듣기
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You can see that, now that we're in the 14th century much of the Iberian Peninsula has been taken by Christian kingdoms from the Muslims.발음듣기
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The Muslims, at this period are left with only Grenada so the Reconquista, to some degree, was successful and it's going to continue until 1492, when the last Muslims are expelled from Spain.발음듣기
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Now, one thing that I felt when I study the Crusades is it's very confusing how Jerusalem in particular goes back and forth between different parties.발음듣기
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Red shows it under Christian control so at the end of the First Crusades, it switches hands.발음듣기
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Now, the Muslims are in control all the way until you get to the Sixth Crusade where they're able to take some territory back.발음듣기
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