Feudal system during the Middle Ages발음듣기
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Feudal system during the Middle Ages
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[Instructor] Talk about in other videos the Middle Ages refers to that roughly 1,000 year period of time in Europe from the end of the Western Roman empire in 476 until we get to about 1,000 years later with the emergence of the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration.발음듣기
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And we associate it with knights in shining armor and their code of chivalry with kings and castles surrounded by moats.발음듣기
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And we also associate it with the feudal system which is how most of Europe was governed during the Middle Ages.발음듣기
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Now this is not so easy to govern especially during the Middle Ages and the king might owe many people things especially people who helped the king come to power helped him depose the previous king or to conquer this land.발음듣기
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And so, in exchange for that, and to help govern he might grant land or fiefs to other people.발음듣기
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And the key currency in the Middle Ages under the feudal system is land and land in exchange for loyalty and service.발음듣기
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So, the king might grant a duchy a duchy, to a duke and in exchange, the duke would provide loyalty pledge their fealty.발음듣기
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If the kingdom is threatened, the duke will fight alongside the king, would provide their own troops.발음듣기
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And also provide the king with taxes which might be in the form of coinage depending on what time and region we are in the Middle Ages.발음듣기
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Now the terminology here is that the duke would be one of the king's vassals or would be vassal to the king.발음듣기
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Now the duke might have his own manor or might even have multiple manors that he rules directly over that has his own serfs or free peasants working that land, providing output which helps generate some of the tax revenue that goes to the king or provides some of the necessities for the duke's own household.발음듣기
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But the rest of the duchy, they might subdivide further and they would be lord over their own vassals.발음듣기
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So, for example, this piece of land right over here this duke might provide it to someone else let's say a count, in which case this would be called a county, and that is where we get our modern term, county.발음듣기
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And this goes on and on and on all the way until you get down to the level of the serfs and the peasants, who are actually doing the work.발음듣기
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But the main idea here is that in exchange for land the king gave his duke a duchy, or maybe the king's father gave this duke's father this duchy and so this grant of land, this is called a fief a critical term in the feudal system.발음듣기
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Now the way I drew it here, it seems quite organized and clean, but the reality of it, it isn't that clean.발음듣기
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Sometimes, a kingdom might directly some parts of it might be subdivided into duchies some of it might be divided into a county that is independent of any duchy.발음듣기
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You might have one count that is more powerful than another count, or one count that might even be more powerful than a duke someplace else.발음듣기
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I mentioned some of the titles of nobility like duke and count and then below count you might have a baron.발음듣기
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In England, the equivalent of count was an earl who still presided over a county and their wife was a countess.발음듣기
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Now, I started this video showing a picture of a knight on horseback and knights are probably one of the strongest association with medieval times so many of you are probably thinking where do knights fit into this~?발음듣기
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The knight refers to slightly different things depending on what region you are in or what time period within the Middle Ages but it generally refers to a mounted soldier someone skilled in fighting someone who might have knight's armor.발음듣기
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But over time, it became a prestigious title that was given by a monarch or by a lord in exchange for service, oftentimes military service.발음듣기
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You might have a knight who is granted a fief from say, this count right over here and say, they might be lord of their own manor.발음듣기
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They might have their own serfs who are not quite slaves but they're bonded laborers who cannot leave and don't have a lot of rights, working the field.발음듣기
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Now, it's worth noting that these titles of nobility duke, count, baron, earl, these tended to be hereditary.발음듣기
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You would pass it down from one generation to the next as long as the next generation pledged fealty to their lord.발음듣기
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The title knight, however, was given for service and did not tend to be passed down from generation to generation.발음듣기
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At the top of the church, you had the bishop of Rome also known as the pope, and you had their bishops in significant regions.발음듣기
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You also had monastic orders where you might have an abbot who is the head of a monastery, where you have monks who, as part of that monastery, are praying.발음듣기
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And as we're about to see, you can even have these non-religious figures pledging fealty to religious figures.발음듣기
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In this homage ceremony, homage or sometimes said homage it really comes from the French word, homme which refers to man.발음듣기
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And this is an actual pledge given by Bernard Atton Viscount of Carcassonne, in the year 1110 in France.발음듣기
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Nobles, and of many other honorable men, who have come to the monastery of St. Mary of Grasse,"발음듣기
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Has asked me, in the presence of all those above mentioned, to acknowledge to him the fealty and homage.발음듣기
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Or homage "for the castles, manors, and places which the patrons, my ancestors, held from him and his predecessors and from the said monastery as a fief, and which I ought to hold as they held.발음듣기
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So, in this case, the lord is an abbot is a religious figure, is the head of a monastery and the vassal is a viscount.발음듣기
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And in this case, it looks like Bernard Atton's ancestors were already vassals to the abbot and so this is really renewing it and so that the viscount could essentially keep his fief.발음듣기
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Now to appreciate how complicated this could get here on the timeline you see when Henry the Second lived and as you can see, he had many titles.발음듣기
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He got that as a dowry when he marries Eleanor whose previous husband was King Louis the Seventh of France.발음듣기
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He's a king of one kingdom, the Kingdom of England but he is also a duke and a count within another kingdom the kingdom of France.발음듣기
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It wasn't well organized like under the Roman empire or under ancient Persia or even most nation states today.발음듣기
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