What is foreshortening?

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What is foreshortening~?발음듣기

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(upbeat piano music)[Beth] Artists of the Renaissance are interested in presenting the world that we see presenting it naturalistically.발음듣기

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And by natural world, we don't mean nature.발음듣기

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We don't just mean trees and grass.발음듣기

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We mean everything in the world that we observe and one of the tools that they used to do that is something called foreshortening which is one of the ways that we see the world.발음듣기

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[Steven] And foreshortening refers to seeing a long object head-on so that it looks compressed.발음듣기

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[Beth] Or another way to think about it is that when you're looking at painting it looks as though something in the painting is going back into that illusionistic space or coming out toward you.발음듣기

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[Stephen] But that we're looking at it more or less head-on so that we don't see the full length of that form.발음듣기

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Let's take a look at Raphael's School of Athens because there are some great examples of foreshortening here.발음듣기

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Probably the most obvious is in the hand of figure of Aristotle in the very center of the painting.발음듣기

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[Beth] And because his forearm looks as though it's coming toward us we immediately have a sense of an illusion of space because if his had moves out toward us there must be space.발음듣기

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Or an illusion of space for it to move back into and we know that this illusion of space was critical for artists of the Renaissance.발음듣기

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[Stephen] Raphael's painted such a convincing illusion that we can image that we can walk into this space and if we did and we walked to the right or the left of these figures, we would see the full extension of that arm.발음듣기

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But instead, we have that arm collapsed.발음듣기

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It's a successful illusion, but if we focus on it does look a little funny.발음듣기

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[Beth] Our mind interprets what we see and so we know that we're not just looking at a man who has no forearm with his hand stuck on his elbow, but our mind interprets this as an arm that exists in space.발음듣기

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[Stephen] So, how does the artist actually pull off this successful illusion?발음듣기

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If you look very closely, you can see that Aristotle's fingertips are bright.발음듣기

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There's light on them but the underside of the fingers are in shadow.발음듣기

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There's a little bit of light that touches the pads of his thumb and of his palm but then there's shadow, again, under his forearm.발음듣기

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Two other obvious examples of foreshortening in this painting are Diogenes who seems to lounge on the stairs.발음듣기

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If you look at his thigh, it is not a full extension.발음듣기

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Again, it's foreshortened.발음듣기

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Or, the representation of Heraclitus who writes seated in the foreground and if you look at his thigh you can see that it is also foreshortened.발음듣기

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[Beth] As is the piece of stone that he's leaning on.발음듣기

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And so, foreshortening is a tool that Renaissance artists really relied on to create a convincing illusion of naturalism, of the natural world.발음듣기

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[Stephen] And there you have it, foreshortening.(upbeat piano music)발음듣기

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