The conservator's eye: Taddeo Gaddi, Saint Julian발음듣기
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The conservator's eye: Taddeo Gaddi, Saint Julian
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출처 : 칸아카데미
The conservator's eye: Taddeo Gaddi, Saint Julian
(piano jazz music)[Narrator] We're up on the second floor of the Metropolitan Museum of Art looking at a small panel painting by an Italian artist who's name is Gaddi one of the most prolific students of Giotto.
[Narrator] This is an egg tempera painting.
[Narrator] We generally think of old master paintings as being oil paint of canvas.
[Narrator] In southern Europe we have a tradition dating back all the way to the middle ages of painting in egg.
Whereas oil painting is really a northern tradition.
[Narrator] So why egg yolk~?
[Narrator] These artists are very concerned with binding pigment, all of these colored powders etcetera.
Many of them mineral binding those colors to the wood panel the support that these works are often painted on in a way that's gonna be durable.
[Narrator] And they were durable.
These are over 500 years old.
[Narrator] These paintings are coming out of a very highly refined tradition of painting guilds.
The way this would work is that as an apprentice you would train for often seven years under a master understanding not only how to paint beautifully.
But how to make sure that your painting lasts for as long as possible with no visible change.
[Narrator] And that makes sense given the subject.
We're looking at an image of Saint Julian.
[Narrator] It's painted on poplar wood a rather soft wood, it's one that warps a lot over time.
[Narrator] And we can see that the surface does bulge toward the center.
[Narrator] In fact, it probably would have done so even more before it was restored in the 19th century.
A lot of these paintings have been planed down from the reverse and mounted onto a cradle, a rigid wooden structure in the back that doesn't allow it to flex naturally.
We tend to think that deforestation is a very contemporary problem but the hardwoods of Italy were already deforested by the early and middle Renaissance so this is why they're painting on poplar.
They knew it wasn't the best wood they knew it would change but they didn't have a choice.
[Narrator] And that's not the only change.
It's pretty clear that the lovely gothic arch that the Saint is surrounded by would have ended with its point.
But here it's been cut off.
[Narrator] Almost all of the Renaissance paintings that you'll find in museums around the world are only small fragments of what would've been very large alter pieces.
[Narrator] It would have been part of a multi-paneled polyptych.
And we need to of course think back to a period before air conditioning.
[Narrator] Where are you suppose to encounter this painting?
Certainly not here at the Metropolitan but in a church in northern Italy.
A non-heated, non-cooled environment super humid and super dry depending on times of the year.
And this is a very harsh environment for any work of art.
[Narrator] Because the wood itself is expanding and contracting and presumably there's the potential that the paint itself could loosen.
[Narrator] Wood has this ability to expand and contract again, no problem.
Paint does not have that ability however.
And that's the reason why paint, very often cracks so extensively on these panel paintings.
[Narrator] Wood is absorbent and so you wouldn't want to paint directly on the wood.
[Narrator] What these artists and artisans would do is use rabbit skin glue made from the skin of rabbits that's a size material.
In other words, it's a sealant of that wood and it limits the ability of that wood to absorb moisture.
[Narrator] On top of the rabbit skin glue an additional layer of seal is added.
This is known as gesso.
[Narrator] The gesso or the ground or the priming of the painting is actually a mixture of rabbit skin glue again and then some gypsum, calcium sulfate some white powder in other words.
This is an absorbent material which is now going to receive the egg tempera paint and also in areas under the gold a material called bole, a kind of clay.
It's often reddish in color, it is in this painting and that clay is again mixed with rabbit skin glue.
So if there's a whole lot of glue all throughout the layer structure of this painting it's part of the reason why it's so durable.
[Narrator] Let's talk about the paint for just a moment.
Tempera is painted with a very small brush.
[Narrator] That's right.
[Narrator] With very fine brush strokes.
[Narrator] Egg tempera dries quite rapidly and is very difficult to work wet in wet like you can with oil, brushing wet paint into wet paint that's already on your panel.
Here this is much more like a drawing technique because you have all these individual, crisp little lines.
The face here is incredibly well preserved and we see all of these beautiful they almost look like pencil lines.
And really that's the tip of the brush we can imagine how painstaking this process is to be able to make this degree of modeling and illusionism essentially with pencil lines.
[Narrator] But while the face is really well preserved the red garment seems to be kind of flat.
[Narrator] Remember that these were in churches for hundreds of years and they were cleaned by, not conservators but monks and nuns.
You know the candle soot and the grime that would collect on these paintings had to be removed with very strong materials urine and lye believe it or not.
These are very corrosive substances.
A lot of the upper brush work the higher layers of the paint sadly have been scrubbed off.
And this probably happened hundreds of years ago.
[Narrator] It's a little misleading to call this a painting because only about 50% of the surface is actually paint.
The rest of it is gold.
[Narrator] Gold is one of the only noble metals that we have.
It's a metal that doesn't tarnish.
The message here is yes, it is expensive it's luxurious, it's appropriate for a religious painting but deeply embedded in that meaning is also the fact that this is timeless, it doesn't corrode.
[Narrator] The gold leaf which is actual gold that has been hammered very thin then applied and burnished.
A smooth object is rubbed over it and what we're seeing here is just a faint trace of the original gleam that the gold would have had.
[Narrator] This is water gilding technique.
The bowl is moistened slightly and that's all the adhesion necessary for this incredibly thin sheet of gold.
Now after the gold is applied there is small metal tools which make all of these beautiful little indentations.
Again, we're not supposed to be at the MET we're supposed to be on our knees in candlelight and that light is flickering and refracting off of all those little nooks and crannies.
It's part of the magic of these paintings.
[Narrator] It is too easy to forget about the incense, the music, the lighting.
[Narrator] The entire point of water gilding is to make it look solid.
And even though we know there's just a tiny thickness of gold leaf there these craftsmen were so good that they provided the illusion of solid gold.
[Narrator] So this is really an art of illusion trying to produce an object costly because of its labor that looked like it was costly because of its material.
[Narrator] In the early Renaissance we have this great paradox that on the one hand where does this scene take place?
In a world of gold, perhaps that's heaven but at the same time, this figure is painted quite illusionistically.
I can imagine talking to that Saint.
[Narrator] And this artists was the student of Giotto who is credited with dramatically furthering the idea that he could represent figures that looked as if they were in a world that we recognize that they had mass and volume, that they cast shadow.
[Narrator] We have one foot in the Middle Ages this world of gold, but we have another foot defiantly here on earth.
In other words, we have heaven on earth and this is a very powerful motif for these devotional paintings.(piano jazz music)
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(piano jazz music)[Narrator] We're up on the second floor of the Metropolitan Museum of Art looking at a small panel painting by an Italian artist who's name is Gaddi one of the most prolific students of Giotto.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] In southern Europe we have a tradition dating back all the way to the middle ages of painting in egg.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] These artists are very concerned with binding pigment, all of these colored powders etcetera.발음듣기
대기중
Many of them mineral binding those colors to the wood panel the support that these works are often painted on in a way that's gonna be durable.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] These paintings are coming out of a very highly refined tradition of painting guilds.발음듣기
대기중
The way this would work is that as an apprentice you would train for often seven years under a master understanding not only how to paint beautifully.발음듣기
대기중
But how to make sure that your painting lasts for as long as possible with no visible change.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] It's painted on poplar wood a rather soft wood, it's one that warps a lot over time.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] In fact, it probably would have done so even more before it was restored in the 19th century.발음듣기
대기중
A lot of these paintings have been planed down from the reverse and mounted onto a cradle, a rigid wooden structure in the back that doesn't allow it to flex naturally.발음듣기
대기중
We tend to think that deforestation is a very contemporary problem but the hardwoods of Italy were already deforested by the early and middle Renaissance so this is why they're painting on poplar.발음듣기
대기중
It's pretty clear that the lovely gothic arch that the Saint is surrounded by would have ended with its point.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] Almost all of the Renaissance paintings that you'll find in museums around the world are only small fragments of what would've been very large alter pieces.발음듣기
대기중
A non-heated, non-cooled environment super humid and super dry depending on times of the year.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] Because the wood itself is expanding and contracting and presumably there's the potential that the paint itself could loosen.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] What these artists and artisans would do is use rabbit skin glue made from the skin of rabbits that's a size material.발음듣기
대기중
In other words, it's a sealant of that wood and it limits the ability of that wood to absorb moisture.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] The gesso or the ground or the priming of the painting is actually a mixture of rabbit skin glue again and then some gypsum, calcium sulfate some white powder in other words.발음듣기
대기중
This is an absorbent material which is now going to receive the egg tempera paint and also in areas under the gold a material called bole, a kind of clay.발음듣기
대기중
It's often reddish in color, it is in this painting and that clay is again mixed with rabbit skin glue.발음듣기
대기중
So if there's a whole lot of glue all throughout the layer structure of this painting it's part of the reason why it's so durable.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] Egg tempera dries quite rapidly and is very difficult to work wet in wet like you can with oil, brushing wet paint into wet paint that's already on your panel.발음듣기
대기중
Here this is much more like a drawing technique because you have all these individual, crisp little lines.발음듣기
대기중
The face here is incredibly well preserved and we see all of these beautiful they almost look like pencil lines.발음듣기
대기중
And really that's the tip of the brush we can imagine how painstaking this process is to be able to make this degree of modeling and illusionism essentially with pencil lines.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] But while the face is really well preserved the red garment seems to be kind of flat.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] Remember that these were in churches for hundreds of years and they were cleaned by, not conservators but monks and nuns.발음듣기
대기중
You know the candle soot and the grime that would collect on these paintings had to be removed with very strong materials urine and lye believe it or not.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] It's a little misleading to call this a painting because only about 50% of the surface is actually paint.발음듣기
대기중
The message here is yes, it is expensive it's luxurious, it's appropriate for a religious painting but deeply embedded in that meaning is also the fact that this is timeless, it doesn't corrode.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] The gold leaf which is actual gold that has been hammered very thin then applied and burnished.발음듣기
대기중
A smooth object is rubbed over it and what we're seeing here is just a faint trace of the original gleam that the gold would have had.발음듣기
대기중
The bowl is moistened slightly and that's all the adhesion necessary for this incredibly thin sheet of gold.발음듣기
대기중
Now after the gold is applied there is small metal tools which make all of these beautiful little indentations.발음듣기
대기중
Again, we're not supposed to be at the MET we're supposed to be on our knees in candlelight and that light is flickering and refracting off of all those little nooks and crannies.발음듣기
대기중
And even though we know there's just a tiny thickness of gold leaf there these craftsmen were so good that they provided the illusion of solid gold.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] So this is really an art of illusion trying to produce an object costly because of its labor that looked like it was costly because of its material.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] In the early Renaissance we have this great paradox that on the one hand where does this scene take place?발음듣기
대기중
In a world of gold, perhaps that's heaven but at the same time, this figure is painted quite illusionistically.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] And this artists was the student of Giotto who is credited with dramatically furthering the idea that he could represent figures that looked as if they were in a world that we recognize that they had mass and volume, that they cast shadow.발음듣기
대기중
[Narrator] We have one foot in the Middle Ages this world of gold, but we have another foot defiantly here on earth.발음듣기
대기중
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