Santa Maria Antiqua발음듣기
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Santa Maria Antiqua
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[Steven] We've just walked through one of the oldest churches in Rome, the Santa Maria Antiqua.발음듣기
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[Beth] And what's so fascinating about Santa Maria Antiqua is the paintings that span several centuries from a time when very few paintings remain.발음듣기
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And that's because the Roman emperors had their palaces on this hill and we think that Santa Maria Antiqua reused an older building that may have been a guard house for the palace.발음듣기
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[Beth] It's really interesting to think about this transformation from Pagan Rome to Christian Rome.발음듣기
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And of course the key figure in that transformation is Constantine who makes it legal for Christians to practice their religion and who, by legend, converts to Christianity at the end of his life.발음듣기
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[Steven] Constantine is also important because he moves the capital from Rome to a new capital named after him called Constantinople in the east.발음듣기
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Let's fast forward now to the sixth century and that's when this church is consecrated when Rome is no longer a grand imperial city.발음듣기
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[Beth] But you have this Christian population and you have churches that have been established by Constantine including the old Saint Peter's.발음듣기
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[Beth] So between the earthquake and the 17th century when a new church was built on this site, Santa Maria Antiqua was forgotten.발음듣기
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[Steven] Somebody was digging around in the garden of that new church and uncovered a small portion of the original.발음듣기
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There was a little bit of excavation done but interestingly, the church was reburied and it wasn't until the very beginning of the 20th century that that new church was removed and scientific excavations began.발음듣기
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The chapel is once again open to the public and this is thanks to the Romans of course, but with help from the Norwegians and from the World Monuments Fund in New York.발음듣기
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[Beth] And you get to go back and see what Christian Rome was like in the sixth, seventh and eighth centuries.발음듣기
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Now the word palimpsest refers to usually, a piece of paper parchment, where the original writing has been scraped off so the paper can be reused.발음듣기
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[Steven] So in other words, it hadn't been scraped off completely so there might be traces and you can get a sense of the use and reuse of the wall.발음듣기
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[Steven] But that's an appropriate name because she's dressed as if she's a Byzantine empress.발음듣기
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Now, you had mentioned that this was symmetrical and because of that, we know there would have been another angel on the opposite side.발음듣기
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Here we see an angel referred to as the Fair Angel and then on the left, part of the face of Mary.발음듣기
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So we know that this was a scene of the annunciation of the Angel Gabriel announcing to Mary that she is going to conceive the Christ child.발음듣기
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[Beth] So as if that's not complicated enough we have yet another layer where we see a male figure just peeking above the shoulder of Maria Regina.발음듣기
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[Steven] And you can just see against the bluish-gray field Greek writing which is also from this latest layer.발음듣기
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[Beth] Now art historians don't know why this wall and other parts of the church have layers of paintings.발음듣기
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[Steven] Let's turn around and go to the other side of the sanctuary to look at a pier where there's a more intact painting from the seventh century.발음듣기
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[Beth] Very important subject for early Christians who were also persecuted for their faith.발음듣기
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[Steven] But it's clearly referencing a classical tradition that was interested in rendering form in the round.발음듣기
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Painters of this time want to represent the divine not the physical realm, which is one of the reasons you have kind of this elongation, this attenuation of the body.발음듣기
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These are not meant to be figures that we would meet, these are symbolic figures that represent the spiritual realm.발음듣기
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This is an image of the crucifixion and it's so interesting because this is a moment when in the eastern part of the empire, images are being forbidden in the church.발음듣기
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[Steven] This is a period which we call the Iconoclasm; the time when images were seen as suspect.발음듣기
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They were objects that might be prayed to directly and that could mislead the faithful, but this is not the East, this is Rome and we have this large scale crucifixion as if this church is making a statement.발음듣기
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[Beth] The court in the East may be disallowing religious images, but here in Rome we are making images to inspire the faithful.발음듣기
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[Steven] In the West, frescos tended to be painted on simple plaster walls, but an Eastern technique included straw and other organic materials.발음듣기
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What's interesting is that the frescos in Santa Maria Antiqua use this Eastern technique and it leads art historians and conservators to believe that they were made by artists from the Eastern part of the empire.발음듣기
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And that makes these paintings even more significant because that means that these are very rare examples of the painting tradition that was under attack in the Eastern empire.발음듣기
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[Beth] And gives us a clue about what those paintings may have looked like that are now lost to time.발음듣기
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