How to recognize Italian Renaissance art발음듣기
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How to recognize Italian Renaissance art
96문장
100% 한국어
번역 6명 참여
출처 : 칸아카데미
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[Woman] Sometimes we use the word renaissance to talk about the revival of something generally, but in art history, Renaissance means something very specific.발음듣기
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[Woman] And that's a good place to start because it gives us a sense of what the Renaissance is going to do differently, so let's start with this beautiful stained glass window from Chartres Cathedral.발음듣기
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[Man] This was a very important cathedral in the medieval period and it's extremely famous for its stained glass and one of its most famous windows is known as the Blue Virgin.발음듣기
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In the center is the Virgin Mary, she's seated on a throne and the young Christ child is seated on her lap.발음듣기
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[Woman] Both of the figures are frontal and that's a pose that is very static it gives us a sense of the divine.발음듣기
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We move our bodies in space we're rarely seen from a perfectly frontal view so as soon as a figure is represented in a frontal way there's a sense of authority, a sense of the eternal.발음듣기
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This is not meant to portray real people this is meant to portray the Virgin Mary and the Christ child in a heavenly sphere and in fact, we see above them a representation of a dove and that's a symbol of the Holy Spirit.발음듣기
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We also see that the figure of the virgin especially if she were to stand up, her body would be so long.발음듣기
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[Man] There's no concern with a naturalistic rendering of the proportions of the human body.발음듣기
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But one of my favorite aspects is that you have this very large virgin and child in the center and then you have these rather small angels that are framing them on either side.발음듣기
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[Woman] A hierarchy is expressed here between the angels and the Madonna and the Christ child telling us that they're more important than the angels on either side of them, so let's now look at a painting, a fresco, by Giotto.발음듣기
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In a complex series of scenes painted on the walls of a private chapel which is usually called the Arena Chapel or sometimes the Scrovegni Chapel.발음듣기
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[Woman] So we've shifted to a smaller family chapel and this tells us something about how patronage is shifting at the very end of the Middle Ages we have more individuals who are accumulating wealth.발음듣기
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And they spend their money often on religious works of art on family chapels, to help to ensure their place in heaven.발음듣기
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Scrovegni was a banker, his father had been a banker and they hired one of the most prominent artists of the era Giotto, to paint a fresco cycle.발음듣기
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Now Giotto came from the city of Florence and every artist that we'll look at in the remainder of this video will be associated with Florence which is often seen as the birthplace of the Renaissance.발음듣기
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This is after Christ has been crucified his body has been removed from the cross he's being held, mourned by his mother, Mary in an incredibly emotional moment surrounded by the apostles who are also mourning his death.발음듣기
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First of all, we have emotion, we have emotion in the face of Mary and in the tender way in which she holds her now-dead son.발음듣기
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[Woman] We have figures from profile view three-quarter view, we have figures that are seen from behind, this is much more the way we would really see a group of people.발음듣기
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[Man] When you use the term modeling or we could use the Italian word, chiaroscuro we're talking about the creation of an illusion on a flat surface of something that is rounded something that takes up space.발음듣기
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And if you look at the backs of these figures, you see how the cloth is light in certain places, and shadowed in certain places.발음듣기
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[Woman] He's also using that light and dark to call attention to the forms of the body underneath the drapery.발음듣기
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So for example Mary Magdalene, who's seated at the feet of Christ we see her knee pressing through the drapery we see the beginnings of an interest in the human body.발음듣기
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At Chartres, we were in a heavenly sphere we had this marvelous red background but here we see a bit of a hill, we see a tree we see a sky, what we're seeing is an increased interest in placing Christ on earth.발음듣기
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[Woman] So we're gonna move from the early 1300s to the middle of the 1400s, to a period that art historians usually call the early Renaissance.발음듣기
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This is different, this is a piece of wood and on that, the artist has happened with tempera pigment that is suspended in egg yolk.발음듣기
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[Woman] Even though her hands are in prayer she seems more like an earthly mother and those angels seem much more like little boys than they seem like angels.발음듣기
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[Woman] And I just wanna call our attention to that word naturalism, it means like nature, truthful.발음듣기
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[Man] And we see it not only in this increasing ability to render something that seems believable but also in the landscape beyond.발음듣기
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We see a convincing representation of depth and that's represented by diminishing scale as well as something that we call atmospheric perspective.발음듣기
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That is, as things go back in space, they become lighter and their colors become less intense.발음듣기
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[Woman] We have an increasing number of families in Florence who are accumulating vast amounts of wealth and people want to enjoy their earthly life and one of the things that they do is commission works of art.발음듣기
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[Woman] Although these are religious paintings we are still looking at a culture that is deeply religious.발음듣기
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Here we have tremendous naturalism, a tremendous interest in the anatomy of the human body in human emotion, human intimacy, but at the same time this is the Christ child, this is the Virgin Mary.발음듣기
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[Woman] Let's move now to a period art historians call the High Renaissance, and the artists there are Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Raphael.발음듣기
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For me, it is an extraordinary understanding of the anatomy of the human body, of its skeletal structure of its musculature, and a direct focus on the beauty of the human form.발음듣기
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[Woman] There's this new interest in the graceful movement of the human body, making that body move through space in an incredibly graceful and elegant way.발음듣기
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We have not only this careful articulation of the body but we have that body in the most complex poses.발음듣기
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His left shoulder moves forward, his head tilts back as he looks toward his creator, this is an expression of the beauty and love of the body in the High Renaissance.발음듣기
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We've been talking about the elegance and the complexity of god and of Adam, but we could also say that that complexity extends to groupings of figures so we see those angels who surround god.발음듣기
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We have this complex interaction between the figures and layering of the figures that is also very High Renaissance.발음듣기
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[Woman] And after the other great works of the High Renaissance, like Raphael's School of Athens or Leonardo's Last Supper.발음듣기
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It's as though the interest in naturalism had reached this level of perfection so where do you go after you've gotten to the perfect?발음듣기
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[Woman] During much of the 15th century Florence had been a republic, but in the early 1500s Florence becomes basically ruled by the Medici and the court culture results in this new style that we call mannerism.발음듣기
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[Woman] And to the composition we don't know where to look, our eye doesn't rest anywhere and there's no earthly setting here.발음듣기
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