Navigation Chart, Marshall Islands발음듣기
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Navigation Chart, Marshall Islands
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[Doctor Zucker] One of the practices from the Pacific Islands, that I find most intriguing is map making from the Marshall Islands.발음듣기
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[Doctor Newell] The Marshall Islands see themselves as being the greatest navigators in the world and one of the things that you can see is a material representation of this is the wonderful maps.발음듣기
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They're called meddo or rebbelib and they're made of sticks and shells and put together as mental maps of the Marshall Islands and the currents and the swells that link those islands.발음듣기
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[Doctor Zucker] The maps aren't used in the way that we use GPS in the car currently or the way that we used to use a paper map.발음듣기
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[Doctor Newell] So it's a thing that will help you to create a mental map, a really good, solid map so it was only ever used on shore.발음듣기
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[Doctor Zucker] The Marshall Islands represents an enormous number of islands and atolls in the Pacific and it's the first major island group that you reach if you're traveling south-west from Hawaii.발음듣기
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[Doctor Newell] The Marshall Islands are a set of 29 atolls, made up of 1,200, roughly, islands and it takes up a space of about two million square kilometers.발음듣기
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It's so interesting that this is a map not of land but it's a map of the relationship between land and sea.발음듣기
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[Doctor Newell] The sea is very much the element that Marshall Islanders live with all the time.발음듣기
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It's a very intimate part of who they are and their daily lives and their cosmologies and this ocean links them.발음듣기
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[Doctor Zucker] The ocean is the thing that creates the relationship between the atolls and the islands.발음듣기
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[Doctor Zucker] The great Tongan scholar, Apeli Halo ffa has written very eloquently and powerfully about this that our sea of islands, the way they're all connected by the ocean, they're not separated by it.발음듣기
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[Doctor Zucker] I love that the cowry shells represent the islands and they're really small.발음듣기
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It beautifully expresses how isolated those islands are but brought together within this greater matrix of the wood, of the ocean.발음듣기
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[Doctor Newell] Each one of these charts is different because it's made by a navigator to represent the way he sees this ocean with its islands.발음듣기
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And how to get between them and this one here is one that was collected by Robert Louis Stevenson.발음듣기
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But the way that these function, in a general sense is that they're registering the swells the currents, the landmarks of the open sea.발음듣기
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So when they hit an island they then echo back out and then you can see the longer sticks are the ones which are currents.발음듣기
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And there's also sticks, which are like the pathways from one place to another that the navigators wanted to emphasize.발음듣기
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[Doctor Zucker] It makes sense that the chart is recording the way in which the water is responsive to the islands.발음듣기
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[Doctor Newell] And that's one of the great skills of Marshallese and other Micronesian navigators is that as soon as you're just a little way beyond your atoll, your island you can't see land forms anymore.발음듣기
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[Doctor Zucker] And it's a reminder of how treacherous the ocean could be for somebody who was not a skilled navigator.발음듣기
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And how important passing knowledge from a senior navigator to somebody who's just learning that craft really is.발음듣기
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[Doctor Newell] The master navigators would take the younger men out on the canoes and they would have them lie down in the canoe and feel the waves.발음듣기
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And you can feel when there's one current intersecting another and you can feel the way the boat rocks differently.발음듣기
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And these are very beautifully designed outrigger canoes and they're very highly attuned to their specific lagoon and sea environment and work in all sorts of difficult sailing conditions.발음듣기
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[Doctor Zucker] So in the 1940s and the 1950s this was a place where the United States tested its hydrogen bombs most famously at the Bikini Atoll.발음듣기
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[Doctor Newell] Marshall Islanders are still living with that legacy and there's still testing going on but not nuclear weapons, it's more ballistic missiles now.발음듣기
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But part of what has come out of that is that there's this compact of free association between the Marshall Islanders and the United States which means that the people from the Republic of Marshall Islands can actually live and work in the States.발음듣기
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[Doctor Zucker] One can only imagine what a contemporary map would look like now one that spans not only islands, but actually nations.발음듣기
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They are put on people's walls, so if someone from Majuro you know, the capital of the Marshalls moves out to New York, they might take one of these.발음듣기
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I've been working with Tina Stege from the Marshall Islands for a number of years and she wrote a beautiful piece to talk about climate change and I just wanted her to read it out for us.발음듣기
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It was a feat of wayfinding that sustains and inspires those of us now looking for a way forward in threatening seas.발음듣기
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Will they know the names of their home islands and the wato, the land parcels that bind us to the earth and to each other?발음듣기
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Will it be a source of sustenance in a vast network of waves, each with names leading like roads to other islands?발음듣기
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Will they know the smell of moan the pandanus fiber we use to weave everything clothing mats, baskets, the small flowers we wear in our hair?발음듣기
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